
Class 

Rnnk iUA 

SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT. 



ANALYSIS 






ENGLISH SENTENCE, 



DESIGNED FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 



ENGLISH. GRAMMAR 

BY AffiE WELCH, A. M., 

principal of ^ic^igan £tate Normal .Scfjoot. 



* 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO. 

51 JOHN STREET. 
, 1855. 



-f£ll" 



Wt-it 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, 
BY A. S.BAJRNES& CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of 

New York. 



PREFACE. 



This treatise, designed to follow Clark's New 
English Grammar, is given to the public with the 
hope that it may contribute somewhat to a more 
philosophical study of our language. A system- 
atic analysis of the English Sentence, should hold 
a far more prominent rank, merely as a means of 
mental development. In this respect no branch 
of study has been regarded so dry and sterile. 
A few years ago the attainments of most teachers 
in grammar were, to the last degree, superficial, 
and their instructions systematically wrong. The 
student of Kirkham supposed that his order of 
parsing exhausted the subject, and the disciple of 
Murray knew far more of rules than relations. 
English Grammar became distasteful and repuls- 
ive, because it furnished no genuine mental ali- 



4 PREFACE. 

ment. A hard nomenclature and a host of num- 
bered rules were obstacles which very few fairly 
surmounted, and young pupils turned with disgust, 
from mere verbal recitations which gave exercise 
to the memory only. 

But we are happy in the fact that this state of 
things is gradually changing. Led by such men 
as Mtlligan, Green", and Clark, teachers are be- 
ginning to give less attention to old formulas, and 
more to the philosophy of language ; and the day 
cannot be far off when a thorough knowledge of 
the structure of the English Sentence, can be 
gained from English grammars. 

If the following system shall aid, in any degree, 
so important a reform, its object will be accom- 
plished. Its principal aim is to remedy the defects 
of the old grammars, by a more simple and just 
classification. Accordingly, we have changed the 
old nomenclature whenever it was inadequate or 
meaningless ; yet no innovations have been made 
without the most serious and urgent reasons. 

In completing our task, we have been influenced 
neither by a love of novelty, on the one hand, 



PREFACE. 5 

nor on the- other, by a foolish attachment to time- 
honored errors. 

Whatever is new in our system, has received 
the unanimous sanction of numerous Teachers' 
Institutes, and the entire system has been thorough- 
ly tested by teaching it to advanced classes in the 
State Normal School. 

It is earnestly hoped that every Teacher, who 
peruses this work, will desire to find the truth, 
rather than a confirmation of his own peculiar 
views, and that he will condemn no part without 
a careful examination of the whole. 

We gratefully acknowledge our obligations to 
Mr. Sill of the State Normal School, for important 
aid in preparing the work for the press, and we 
give our thanks to numerous friends who have 
kindly expressed an interest in its publication. 



Michigan State Normal School, ) 
Ypsilanti, Dec. 1st., 1854. j" 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION. 

Page 

Synthesis of a Sentence 13 

Analysis of a Sentence 19 

CHAPTER I. 

OF GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS. 

Words , 22 

Phrases. . . . 23 

Sentences , 25 

Connectives 27 

Co-ordinate Connectives 27 

Secondary Connectives 30 

Essential Elements of the English Sentence 33 

Synopsis of the English Sentence 34 

CHAPTER II. 

OF THE SUBJECT. 

Noun as Subject 35 

The Personal Pronoun as Subject 36 

Forms of the Personal Pronoun as Subject 38 

Offices of It 39 

It as the local subject, representing Phrases 40 

It as the local subject, representing Dependent Nominal 

Sentences 41 

It as subject verb representing an Independent Sentence ... 42 
Examples of it as local subject representing a Nominal Phrase 

or Sentence _. 43 



8 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Double Pronouns as Subject , 44 

Intensive Pronouns as Subject 45 

Relative Pronoun as Subject 46 

Whoever 50 

"Whichever , 50 

Whatever 51 

Interrogative Pronouns as Subject 52 

Responsive Pronouns as Subject, , . , 54 

Adjective Pronouns as Subject 56 

Synopsis of the Adjective Pronouns. 57 

This and That 57 

That 59 

One and Other 60 

Each 61 

Ones and Others 61 

None 61 

Both 62 

Either 62 

Neither , 62 

Such, Many, and Same 63 

Former and Latter 63 

Imperfect Participles as Subject 64 

Verbs Infinitive as Subject 64 

Dependent Sentence as Subject 65 

CHAPTER III. 

Of the Object 66 

The Nominal Yford in the Objective Relation 66 

Forms of the Personal Pronoun in the Subjective and Objec- 
tive Relation 67 

It (the local object) as a Pro-Phrase. 68 

It (local object) standing for a Dependent Sentence 69 

It (local object) standing for an Independent Sentence.. 69 

The Relative Pronoun as Object 70 



CONTENTS. 9 

Page 

Object composed of two Nouns 71 

Direct and Indirect Object 72 

Nominal Phrase as Object 73 

The Participle as Object 74 

Dependent Nominal Sentence as Object 75 

Independent Sentence as Object 76 

CHAPTER IV, 

OF THE COMPLEMENT OF A NEUTEE SENTENCE. 

Noun as Complement 78 

Pronoun as Complement 79 

Adjective as Complement 79 

Participle as Complement 80 

Adnominal Phrase as Complement SO 

Adnominal Sentence as Complement 81 

CHAPTER V. 

OF THE VERB. 

Person and Number of the Verb 84 

Mode 85 

Participles 87 

Participles of the Transitive Verb Love 88 

Participles of the Intransitive Verb Walk 88 

Tense 90 

Formation of the Tenses 92 

Definition of the Tenses 93 

Synopsis of the Tenses of the Verb Talk 94 

Conjugation 94 

Conjugation of the Regular Verb Turn 95 

Subjunctive Mode 97 

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb To be 98 

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb To be (continued) 98 

Irregular Verbs _ 101 

Synopsis of the Verb Abide 103 



10 CONTEXTS. 

Page 

Synopsis of the Verb Come 103 

Synopsis of the Verb Do . . 104 

Synopsis of the Verb Eat 104 

Synopsis of the Verb Give 104 

Synopsis of the Verb Go 105 

Synopsis of the Verb See 105 

List of Irregular Verbs 105 

Defective Verbs 112 

Unipersonal Verbs 113 

CHAPTER VI. 

OF ADJUNCTS. 

Adjuncts 114 

Adnominal Adjuncts 114 

Adjuncts of the Subject 114 

Adnominal Words 114 

Synopsis of the Personal Pronouns Possessive 116 

Comparison of Adjectives 120 

Imperfect Participle Active 123 

Imperfect Participle Neuter 123 

Perfect Participle Active 124 

Perfect Participle Neuter 125 

Perfect Participle Passive 125 

Adnominal Phrases 126 

Essential Element a Noun 126 

Essential Element a Pronoun .... 12? 

Essential Element a Participle 128 

Essential Element a Verb Infinitive 130 

Adnominal Sentences 133 

Adnominal Sentences connected by a Relative Pronoun, 133 

Sentence in Apposition 141 

Sentence with no Connective 142 

Adverbial Adjuncts 142 

Adverbial Words , 143 

Comparison of Adverbs 144 



CONTENTS. 11 

Page 

Adverbial Phrases 144 

Essential Element a Noun 144 

Essential Element a Personal Pronoun 145 

Essential Element a Relative Pronoun 145 

Essential Element an Imperfect Active Participle 149 

Essential Element a Perfect Active Participle 149 

Essential Element a Verb Participle followed by its 

Complement 150 

Phrase without Connective 152 

Essential Element another Phrase 153 

Adverbial Sentence 153 

Adjuncts of the Objective a Transitive Sentence .... 156 

Adjuncts of the Complement in a Neuter Sentence 15*7 

CHAPTER VII. 

SUBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES. 

Subject of Verbs Infinitive 158 

Subject of Participles 160 

CHAPTER VIII. 

OBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND TRANSITIVE PARTICIPLES. 

Object of Transitive Infinitives 162 

Object of Transitive Participles 163 

CHAPTER IX. 

LIMITATION OF WORDS. 

Adnominal Words 165 

Adnominal Phrases 169 

Adnominal Sentence 172 

Adverbial "Words 175 

Adverbial Phrases 176 

Adverbial Sentence ISO 

Other Adverbial Adjuncts 180 



12 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER X. 

INDEPENDENT WOKDS. 

Page 

Noun Addressed 182 

Interjections 183 



EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 

Exercises 185 

The Fourth Book of Pollok's " Course of Time.".. r 205 

" Winter," from Thomson's " Seasons " 221 



ANALYSIS 



THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 



INTKODUCTIOK 

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF A SENTENCE. 

Synthesis, as a method of instruction, is the 
uniting of elements to form an example of a general 
truth. 

By a process of synthesis, we take elements or 
single things and join them, one by one, until we 
obtain a whole which constitutes a species. Thus, 
in mechanics, we put together, according to a 
certain order, various wheels and levers, and a 
machine (a watch for instance) is the result. In 

2 



14 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

geometry, we unite individual lines, and figure is 
the consequence. In orthography,, we combine the 
elementary sounds to form words. 

The synthetical process,, on account of its sim- 
plicity, is the best method of giving instruction tc* 
the young. 

It will be our object in this article, to show how 
synthesis can be applied in teaching the structure' 
of an English Sentence, 

Beginning with the Subject and Verb, we will 
unite successively the elements of which a sentence 
is composed. Let us select, for the first element, 
the word man. Standing thus alone this word ha& 
its widest signification. We will make it the sub- 
ject of a sentence by uniting it with some word 
which shall declare or affirm something. Thus, — 
man maintains. — Here the word man is made sub- 
ject by the word maintains ; for the Subject is that 
of which something is declared or affirmed; and main- 
tains is a verb ; for a Verb is a word which affirms 
something of the subject. 

But maintains is a verb transitive, or such a 
verb as requires the addition of another element to 
complete the sentence. 

This element is called the Object. 

Add the word opinion, and we have the three 
essential elements of a sentence, viz., man maintains 
opinion* 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 15 

A Sentence is a group of elements expressing a 
thought. 

As the sentence before us makes sense in itself, 
we will name it an Independent or Principal Sentence : 
It is also transitive. 

A Transitive Sentence is one whose verb is transitive. 

But farther, the words in the example before us, 
as it now stands, have their most unlimited mean- 
ing, so that, as yet, the sense is very indefinite. The 
word man is synonymous with mankind, including 
in its meaning the whole human race. The verb 
maintains is limited only by its object, and the 
noun opinion has its most extensive signification, 
viz., any judgment of the mind. Now we can limit 
each of these elements by the use of adjuncts, so 
as to make the sentence the vehicle of a distinct 
and definite idea. 

An Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, used to 
limit or modify a word. 

If the word A be placed before man, as, A man, 
its application is limited from the whole human race, 
to a single individual. This word A, therefore, is 
an adjunct and, moreover, an aclnominal word. 

All adjuncts used to limit or modify a noun or pro- 
noun, are called Adnominal Adjuncts. 

The subject may be farther limited by an ad- 
junctive phrase. 

A Phrase is an element usually composed of a noun 
or pronoun and its connective. 



16 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Let the noun learning be the essential part of a 
phrase, connected to the subject man, by the word 
of; thus, A man OF learning: of learning is a 
phrase used to limit the subject man, and give it a 
still more definite sense. It is farther an Adnomi- 
nal Phrase because it is connected to a noun. 

Attending now to a little word of we find that 
it is used to connect the adjunct learning to the 
word man; it is, therefore, called a secondary con- 
nective. 

A Secondary Connective connects an adjunctive 
phrase or sentence to a ivord. 

Of joins this phrase to a noun, and is, therefore, 
an adnominal connective. 

An Adnominal Connective connects a phrase or sen- 
tence to a noun or pronoun. 

The subject may be still farther limited. We 
have affected its meaning by two adnominal ad- 
juncts, viz., a word and a phrase. We will now 
employ, for the same purpose, an adnominal sen- 
tence. Let the subject of this new sentence be 
who ; the verb, has studied; and the object, the 
noun subject, which we will limit by the adnomi- 
nal word the, and there results the sentence who 
has studied the subject. Connect this sentence to the 
noun man by the word who, and it reads, as fol- 
lows : A man of learning, who has studied the subject. 
But who has studied the subject, since it does not make 
sense alone, is a dependent sentence. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 17 

A Dependent Sentence is one which does not make 
sense in itself. 

Since it is used to limit a noun, it is an adnomi- 
nal sentence. 

A Sentence is Adnominal when it is used to limit 
a noun or pronoun. This dependent adnominal sen- 
tence is also transitive. We name it, therefore, a 
dependent, adnominal, transitive sentence. 

Attending next to the pronoun who, we perceive 
that it not only performs the office of subject, but 
that it also connects the sentence who has studied 
the subject, to its antecedent. 

A Relative Pronoun always connects the sentence in 
which it stands, to its antecedent, and is, therefore, 
always a secondary adnominal connective. 

We have now limited the subject of the indepen- 
dent sentence by three adnominal adjuncts, viz., a 
word, a phrase, and a sentence. 

The verb maintains, also, may be limited by simi- 
lar adjuncts : 

First ; by a word, as, promptly maintains. 

Secondly; by a phrase. Let the noun confidence 
constitute the essential part, and with, its connec- 
tive, thus, maintains promptly and with confidence : 
here promptly is an adverbial word, and with confi- 
dence, since it limits a verb, is an adverbial phrase. 

An Adverbial Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, 
which limits any word which an adverb may qualify. 



18 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The word and, since it connects two elements of 
the same kind, is called a co-ordinate connective. 

A Co-ordinate Connective connects similar elements 
in the same grammatical relation. 

In the adverbial phrase, with connects the ad- 
junct confidence to the word maintains. It is, there- 
fore, a secondary connective, and, because it connects 
confidence to a verb, it is called a secondary adverbial 
connective. 

Thus modified the sentence reads, as follows : A 
man of learning, who has studied the subject, maintains 
promptly and with confidence, opinion. The object 
opinion is still indefinite. We may limit its signifi- 
cation, first, by an adnominal word, as the opinion ; 
secondly, by a sentence in apposition. Select, for the 
subject of this new sentence, the noun Francis ; 
for the verb, was; for a noun in the predicate, 
AUTHOE ; and we have a neuter sentence, viz., Francis 
was author. 

A Neuter Sentence is one whose verb must be followed 
by an adjunct of the subject to complete the predicate. 

Let author be limited by the adnominal word 
the, and also, by the adnominal phrase of letters, 
and there results the expression the author of letters. 
Of is a secondary adnominal connective, because it 
connects an adjunct to a noun. . 

If we limit the noun letters, by the possessive 
adnominal word Junius', we have the expression 
the author of 'Junius' letters. The sentence now stands 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 19 

thus, Francis was the author of Junius'' letters. This 
sentence may be connected to opinion by the word 
that, as follows: the opinion THAT Francis was the 
author of Junius' letters. From a preceding defini- 
tion, it is now a dependent adnominal sentence, and 
the word that which connects it to opinion, is a 
secondary adnominal connective. 

Modified in this manner, the independent sen- 
tence now stands, as follows : A man of learning, who 
has studied the subject, maintains promptly and with 
confidence, the opinion that Francis ivas the author of 
Junius' letters. 

Analysis is the opposite of synthesis. 

As a method of instruction, it consists in separa- 
ting, one by one, the parts of which any whole is 
composed, for the purpose of showing their nature, 
their relations to each other, and how they are 
united to form the whole under consideration. 

Thus, if we exhibit the structure of a watch by 
separating its wheels, one by one, and pointing out 
their relation to each other, we use the analytical 
method of instruction. 

In grammar, analysis consists in resolving a 
sentence, by a regular method, into its elements, 
and showing their various relations. 

Take, for example, the sentence which we have 
formed synthetically. 

A man of learning, ivho has studied the subject, main- 



20 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

tains promptly and with confidence, the opinion thai 
Francis was the author of Junius' 1 letters. 

The method is, as follows : 

The subject of the independent sentence is man, 
because it is that of which something is affirmed. 

Maintains is the verb — a word that affirms some- 
thing of the subject. 

Opinion is the object, used to complete the sense 
of the transitive verb maintains. 

The sentence man maintains opinion, is an inde- 
pendent transitive sentence, because it makes sense 
in itself, and requires the addition of an object to 
complete the sense of the verb. 

Has the subject any adjuncts f 

The subject is limited by three adjuncts. 

First ; by A — an adnominal word. 

Secondly ; by of learning — an adnominal phrase. 
The word of connecting the noun learning to man f 
is a secondary adnominal connective. 

Thirdly; by a sentence. Subject — who; verb — has 
studied ; object — subject. It is a dependent sentence— 
it does not make sense in itself; adnominal — it limits 
a noun ; transitive — it requires an object. We 
name it, therefore, a dependent, transitive, adnominal 
sentence. The subject and verb have no adjuncts: 
the object is limited by the— an adnominal word. 
who is not only the subject, but it also connects 
the sentence who has studied the subject to man. It is 
then a secondary adnominal connective. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 21 

The Relative Pronoun always connects the sentence 
in which it stands, to its antecedent. 

We have now found, by analysis, that the sub- 
ject is limited by three adnominal adjuncts, viz., 
a word, a phrase, and a sentence. 

Has the verb any adjuncts ? 

The first is an adverbial word — promptly. 

The second is the phrase with confidence, called 
adverbial because it limits a verb. The word and 
which connects the two elements promptly and with 
confidence, is a co-ordinate connective, since it connects 
adjuncts in the same grammatical relation. With 
is a secondary adverbial connective joining its phrase 
to the verb maintains. 

"What are the adjuncts of the object? 

The first is the — an adnominal word. 

The second is a sentence ; connective — that ; sub- 
ject — Francis ; verb — was ; adjunct in the predicate 
— author: A dependent, neuter, adnominal sentence. 

That is a secondary adnominal connective uni- 
ting the sentence Francis was author, to the noun 
opinion. 

The adjuncts of the noun in the predicate, are — 

First ; the — an adnominal vjord. 

Secondly, the adnominal phrase of letters, con- 
nected to author by the secondary adnominal con- 
nective of. 

Junius 1 is an adnominal word limiting letters. 



22 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



CHAPTEK I. 



OF GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS. 

1. A Grammatical Element is a word or group 
of words which performs a distinct office in lan- 
guage. 

2. The English Language has three Elements: 
the word, the phrase, and the sentence. 

OF WORDS. 

3. A Word is an articulate sound or a combination 
of articulate sounds forming the simplest grammat- 
ical element. 

4. When used as one of the parts which are in- 
dispensible in forming a sentence, a word is called 
an essential element of the sentence. 

Examples : — God created the Heavens. 
He takes exercise. 

5. When a word is joined by a connective, to 
another word which it limits, it is called the essen- 
tial element of a phrase. 

Examples : — Man in trouble. 
Sailor at home. 
Placed on account. 
Send to him. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 23 

6. The essential element of a phrase is always 
either a noun or some substantive element. 

7. When one word is used to limit or modify 
another, it is called an adjunct of the ivord which it 
limits. 

8. As an adjunct, a word is either adnominal or 
adverbial. 

9. An Adnominal Word limits a noun or pronoun. 

Examples: — Good men. 

Webster's Works. 
Rolling Suns. 
Peter, the Hermit. 

10. The adnominal word must be a noun or pro- 
noun possessive, a noun in apposition, an adjective, 
or ^participle. 

11. The Adverbial Word or Adverb limits a verb, a 
participle, an adjective, or another adverbial word. 

Examples: — The condemned received his sentence quite calmly. 
A very swift horse. 
He fell fightiog valiantly. 

12. When a word is employed to unite the ele- 
ments of language, it is called a connective. 



OF PHRASES. 

13. A Phrase is an element generally composed 
of a noun or pronoun and* its connective, and used to 



24 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

limit a word. A phrase composed of a verb infin- 
itive and its connective, is frequently made the sub- 
ject of a sentence or the object of a transitive verb 
or participle. 

Note. — When the verb infinitive or participle becomes the es- 
sential element of a phrase, it is a verbal noun. 

14. Phrases are nominal, adnominal, or adverbial. 

15. A Phrase which is the subject of a sentence, 
or the object of a transitive verb or participle, is 
called a Nominal Phrase. 

Examples :— - To retreat was death. 

The captive chose to die. 
Wishing to succeed. 

16. A Phrase which limits a noun or pronoun, is 
called an Adnominal Phrase. 

Examples : — Men of rant. 
Girls at home. 
Who of you ? 
One with them. 

17. A Phrase limiting a verb, adjective, participle 
or adverbial word, is called an Adverbial Phrase. 

Examples : — Come with me. 

We took him on trust. 
Clinging to life. 
Dead in sin. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 25 

OF THE SENTENCE. 

18. A Sentence is a group of elements expressing 
a thought. It consists either of two or three ele- 
ments, the number depending on the nature of the 
verb. 

19. Sentences are transitive, intransitive, or neuter. 

20. A Transitive Sentence is composed of three 
elements, viz., subject, the verb transitive, and the 
object. 

Examples : — God created man. 

The farmer ploitghs his fields. 

21. An Intransitive Sentence is composed of two 
elements, viz., the subject and a verb intransitive. 

Examples : — Trees grow. 
Clouds fly. 
We live. 

22. A Neuter Sentence is composed of three ele- 
ments, viz., the subject, the verb neuter, and an ad- 
junct of the subject in the predicate. 

Examples : — William is studious. 

The stranger was dying. 

Note. — The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject. In 
the transitive sentence, it is made up of the verb and its object; 
in the intransitive sentence, it is merely the verb; in the neuter 
sentence, it includes the verb and an adjunct of the subject The 
verb of the neuter sentence is, usually, some variation of the neu- 
ter verb to be. 



26 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

23. Sentences are either independent or dependent 
An Independent Sentence is one which makes com- 
plete sense in itself. 

Examples : — Homer wrote the Iliad. 
Caesar subdued Gaul. 
Go thou. 

The sense of these sentences is complete as they 
stand. 

24. A Dependent Sentence is one that does not 
make sense in itself but depends upon the word which 
it limits. 

Examples : — Printing was unknown when Homer wrote the Iliad. The 
Sentence Homer wrote the Iliad, is rendered depen- 
dent by the word when, which connects it to un- 
known. 

If I go. 

Though he falls. 

Unless they perform their promise. 

Note. — Mr. Clark properly classifies the sentences of a complex 
proposition, as principal and auxiliary. 

25. Dependent sentences are nominal, adnominal, 
or adverbial. 

26. A dependent sentence is nominal when used 
as the subject of a sentence or the object of a 
transitive verb or participle. 

Examples : — Thou shalt not kill is a commandment of the Deca- 
logue. 
A messenger came saying that the army was defeated. 
I say that you are wrong. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 2*7 

27. A dependent sentence is adnominal when 
employed to limit a noun or' pronoun. 

Examples : — He who runs may read. Who runs is used to limit the 
pronoun he ; it is, therefore, a dependent adnominal 
sentence. 
The fact that a theft was committed was evident. 

28. A dependent sentence is adverbial when em- 
ployed to limit a verb, a participle, an adjective, 
or an adverbial word. 

Examples : — Rise when the day dawns. 
There where all are free. 
Fierce as a tiger {is fierce.) 
He appeared fighting where his enemies were thickes t. 

OF CONNECTIVES. 

29. Connectives are words which unite the elements 
of language. 

30. Connectives are either co-ordinate or secondary. 
A Co-ordinate Connective unites similar elements in 

the same grammatical relation. 

31. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
more nouns which are subjects of the same sentence. 

Examples : — Men, women, and children trudged on together. 
The father and the son are alike guilty. 

Note. — When a co-ordinate connective unites more than two ele- 
ments it usually stands between the last two. 



28 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

32. A co-ordinate connective may unite two or 
more nouns which are objects of the same verb. 

Examples : — God created the Heavens and the Earth. 

I have forsaken friends, kindred, and country. 

33. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
more verbs having the same subject. 

Examples: — The noble animal reared, sprang forward, and cleared 
the ditch. 
The Athlete will fight, box, or wrestle. 

34. A co-ordinate connective may connect two 
or more adnominal words limiting the same noun or 
pronoun. 

Examples: — A man pious and plain. 

Wearied but not disheartened we followed the guide. 

He died exiled, deserted, and disgraced. 

A soldier listed in Messiah's band yet giving quarter 

to Abaddon's troops. 
Gentle yet not dull. 
Hear what they were, the progeny of Sin, alike and 

oft combined, but differing much in mode of givirjg 

pain. 

35. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
more adverbial words. 

Examples : — Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 

They have done this not hastily, nor rashly, nor un- 
advisedly. 
They fought like brave men long and well. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 29 

36. A co-ordinate connective may unite two or 
more nominal phrases which are subjects of the same 
sentence or objects of the same verb or participle. 

Examples : — The mountebank pretends to foretell events and to heal 
diseases. 
Desiring to defeat his enemies and to extend his do- 
minion. 

37. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
more adnominal phrases limiting the same noun or 
pronoun. 

Examples : — Do you choose enmity with God or with man ? 
A desire to gain honor and to win applause. 

38. A co-ordinate connective often connects two 
or more adverbial phrases in the same construction. 

Examples :— Her sister plants in their own clime, around the stream 
and by the fount bore fruit of perfect relish. 
At this same hour and on this spot, ten years ago, I 

addressed you. 
With radiant glory and with honor crowned. 

39. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 

more dependent nominal sentences which are subjects of 
ilie same sentence or objects of the same verb or participle. 

Examples: — William well knew that the crown must ultimately de- 
scend to him, and that he should receive it unim- 
paired. 
A messenger came sayirjg that the chief was dead, and 

that his wife was distracted with grief. 
I do not know whence he comes nob. where he dwells. 



30' ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

40. A co-ordinate connective may connect two 
or more dependent adnominal sentences limiting the 
same noun or pronoun. 

Examples: — He reported the news that the ship was lost and that 
all the passengers were drowned. 
The room where he wrote and where he received his 
friends. 

41. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 

more dependent adverbial sentences limiting the same 
word. 

Examples : — Come when the blessed seals that close the pestilence 
are broke and crowded cities wail its stroke. 
Let us strive to live as God directs and conscience dic- 
tates. 

42. A co-ordinate connective. may connect two or 
more independent sentences. 

Examples : — Thus said the father, and the son beloved arose resplen- 
dent with divinity. 

The Queen smiled but the King frowned. 

Shaftsbury argued for the bill, Halifax chiefly conduc- 
ted the debate against it, and his speeches showed 
great capacity. 

OF SECONDARY CONNECTIVES. 

43. A Secondary Connective is a word which unites 
a phrase or a dependent sentence, to the word which it 
limits. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 31 

Examples : — A man of honor. 
A desire to live. 
He who perseveres. 
The bandit approached the place where we stood. 

44. Secondary connectives are either adnominal 
or adverbial. 

45. A secondary connective is called adnominal, 
when it connects a phrase or a dependent sentence 
to a noun or pronoun. 

46. A secondary adnominal connective may con- 
nect an adnominal phrase to the noun or pronoun which 
it limits. 

Examples : — The field of blood. 
A judge in court. 
An agreement ix writing. 
A wish to improve. 
A determination to succeed. 

47. A secondary adnominal connective may con- 
nect an adnominal sentence to the noun or pronoun 
which it limits. 

Examples : — A rumor that all was lost came to our ears. 

The fact that our guide was a scoundrel was at last 

proved. 
" The captive prophet whom Jehovah gave 
The future years described it best." 
A plain slab marks the spot where he sleeps. 
" Knowest thou the land where the cypress and myrtle 
Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime." 

48. A secondary connective is called adverbial 



32 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

when it connects a phrase or dependent sentence to 
a verb, adjective, participle, or adverb. 

Examples : — Let me die where my fathers died. 

He groaned with unutterable anguish. 
The tower tottered under the weight. 
The workmen struck for higher wages, 

49. A secondary adverbial connective may con- 
nect an adverbial phrase to the word which it limits. 

Examples : — The earth abounded much in silent waste. 

A seraph kneeled beseeching for his ward. 
Good for nothing. 
Conflicting against itself. 
By his own hand he fell. 
Striving for the mastery. 

50. A secondary adverbial connective may unite 
a dependent adverbial sentence to the ivord which it limits. 

Examples : — After the storm had ceased we found the shore. 

When youth complained the ancient sinner shook his 

hoary head. 
It shall be done, for the mouth of God hath spoken it. 
The fruit was so delicious that it melted in the mouth. 

51. A secondary abverbial connective may con- 
nect a nominal phrase or sentence to a transitive verb or 
participle of which it is the object. 

Examples : — Peter denied that he knew his Lord. 

The old man predicted when it would rain. 
The broken-hearted sufferer longed to die. 
He did not understand why I did it, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



33 



{Transitive, 
Intransitive or 
Neuter. 



All sentences are ■{ 



{ Transitive, 



Nominal, 
Adnorninal or 
Adverbial. 



L Dependent. ^Intransitive j ^nominal or 



or 

L Neuter. 



f Adverbial. 



Nominal, 
Adnorninal or 
rerbial. 



iNom 
Adnc 
Adv( 



ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



Transitive. 



Intransitive. 



Neuter. 



( Word, 
Subject. -j Phrase, 
( Sentence, 



Word, 
Subject. \ Phrase, 
Sentence. 



Subject. 



Word, 
Phrase, 

Sentence. 



Verb. 



Object. 



Word. 

Word, 

Phrase, 

Sentence, 



Verb. 



Word. 



Verb. Word. 

Adjunct ( Word, 
in •< Phrase, 
Predicate / Sentence. 



f Words, 



Adjuncts 
may be -{ Phrases, 



classed as 



and 



^Sentences- 



( Adnorninal 
-j or 

( Adverbial. 

( Adnorninal 
•J or 

( Adverbial. 

( Adnorninal 
or 
Adverbial. 



When limiting a noun or 
pronoun. 



\ When limiting a verb, adjec- 
1 live, participle, or adverb, 



When limiting a noun or 
pronoun. 



When limiting a verb, parti- 
ciple, adjective, or adverb 



( When limiting a noun or 
/ pronoun. 



When limiting a verb, parti- 
ciple, ad jective, or adverb. 



/ Co-ordinate 
All connec- J or / 

tivesare (secondary, j 



Adnorninal 
or 

Adverbial 



j When they connect to 
> ( a noun or pronoun. 



■ 



When they connect to 
a verb, participle, 
adjective, or adverb. 



34 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



















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ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 35 



CHAPTEK II. 



OF THE SUBJECT. 

1. The Subject of a sentence is an element of which 
something is asserted or affirmed 

In the example, "Before Granada's fated walls the 
Spanish army lay," army is the word of which some- 
thing is affirmed, and lay is the word that affirms it. 

2. The subject may be a word, a phrase, or a sen- 
tence. 

Examples : — The Creator loves his creatures. 
To err is human. 
That James was a tyrant, appears from his acts, 

3. Any element used as the subject of a sentence 
is called nominal. 

4. Nominal words, used as the subject of a sen- 
tence, may be nouns, pronouns, or participles. 

5. One or more nouns may be used as the subject 
of a sentence. 

Examples : — The vessel cleaves the wave. 

The night and the storm are upon us. 

Note (a). — Since the properties of nouns are well known to the ad- 
vanced pupil, we shall not dwell upon them. In defining these 
properties, the word case is superfluous. It adds to the nomencla- 



86 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

ture of grammar without giving any aid in studying the construc- 
tion of the language. Case is a change in the termination or form 
of a noun or pronoun, to indicate a change of relation to other 
words. Now, in English, the noun has no change of termination 
except to show the possessive relation. But the apostrophe (') or the 
apostrophic ('s,) which indicates the relation of ownership, renders 
the noun possessive the adjunct of the noun possessed. We have, 
therefore, classed it with the adjuncts of the noun aod pronoun. The 
words subject and object fully express the relations of a noun as the 
subject of a sentence or the object of a transitive verb or a par- 
ticiple. 

Note (b). — Mr. Clark defining case to mean condition or relation, 
makes four cases, viz., the nominative, the possessive, the objective, 
and the independent. 

6. The subject does not always stand before the 
verb. Frequently the usual order is inverted for 
poetic measure, euphony, or vivacity. 

Examples : — All golden is the plain with wheat. 

" When like a crag down Appenine 
Rushed Auster through the fray." 

7. The subject may be a pronoun personal, relative, 
or adjective. 

Examples : — / write. 

The stone which was torn from the mountain. 
Many obeyed the command. 

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 

8. The Personal Pronoun is called personal because 
its form is varied to indicate the person of the noun 
for which it stands. If, for example, the noun rep- 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 3*7 

resented is the person speaking, the pronoun / will 
not only stand for it, but will also indicate that it is 
the first person. So thou and you invariably stand 
for the names of the persons addressed, thus indi- 
cating that the nouns represented are in the second 
person. 

9. The pronouns thou and you represent nouns 
in both genders. ISTo change in the form of the word 
is necessary to show distinction of sex, since the ob- 
jects are present and supposed to be known ; but the 
objects represented by the pronouns of the third per- 
son are frequently absent ; hence the necessity that 
these pronouns should show not only the person of 
the noun, but also its gender. From this necessity 
have arisen the forms he, she, and it. 

10. In other respects the personal pronoun is ex- 
ceedingly convenient on account of its flexibility. 
The forms I, thou, he, she, it, him, her, &c, represent 
nouns in the singular number, but if the noun repre- 
sented be plural, we have the forms we, you, they, them. 
If the pronoun becomes the subject of a sentence, we 
use one of the forms I, thou, he, she, it, if singular; 
and we, ye or you, they, if plural. But if the pro- 
noun becomes the object, we have one of the forms 
me, thee or you, him, her, it, if singular ; and us, you, 
them, if plural. 

11. The personal pronoun then shows four prop- 
erties by change of form, viz : — person, number, 
gender, and its relation to other words in the sen- 

3 



38 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

tence. On account of this last property it may be 
said to have case. 



12. FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 

First Person. Second Person. Third Person. 

Masc. or Fem. Masc. or Fern. Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Singular. I. Thou or You. He. She. It 

Plural. We. You or Ye. They. They. They. 

Examples: — /shall walk. 

We are fatigued. 
Thou art holy. 
Ye are sinful. 
You can succeed. 
You will all perish. 
She excels in music. 
It is falling. 
They are ripe. 

13. Pronouns of the first and second person gen- 
erally stand for a noun suppressed. 

14. Thou and its variations are obsolete, except 
in poetry and solemn style. 

15. You is not changed in form to express gen- 
der or number. 

16. They is the common plural for he, she, and it. 

17. They may, consequently, stand for a noun 
plural of the masculine, feminine, or neuter gender. 

18. Neuter nouns in the singular are always- rep- 
resented by the pronoun it. But the word it is not 
always a neuter pronoun. This little word performs 
many distinct offices in the language. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 39 

19. OFFICES OF it: — 

It is I. 

(a.) It stands for i, a pronoun of the first person 
and singular number. 

It was they. 

(h.) It stands for they, a pronoun of the third per- 
son, plural number. 

It was the old warrior, 
(c.) It stands for warrior, a noun, third person, 
singular number. 

It was the Indians. 

(d.) It represents Indians, a noun, third person, 
plural number. 

20. Thus It may represent any one of the per- 
sonal pronouns, or nouns of any gender, and number. 

Examples : — Who is it ? 
It was she. 
It is they. 

"Was it the soldiers ? 
I did not say it was you. 

In all these cases, it is singular in form. 

21. It may also be the subject of verbs which in- 
dicate the operations of nature. 

Examples : — It rains. 
It snows. 
It lightens. 
It thunders. 



40 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

22. Since the pronoun it in these sentences, 
stands for no determinate word, it may be called an 
indeterminate pronoun. The verbs before which it 
stands, being always in the third person, singular, 
are called unipersonal verbs. 

23. It is often used as an expletive word, as : — 
" They lorded it over God's heritage." 

24. Often the noun represented by it is some gen- 
eral word. 

Examples :— It is cold — i. e. the weather. 

I did not suppose that it would turn out thus — i. e. the 
affair. 



It as the local subject representing one or more 

PHRASES. 

25. It is often the local subject of a sentence when it 
represents one or more nominal phrases which fol- 
low the verb and constitute its true subject. 

It is joy to muse the page. 

(a.) It is here the local subject standing for the phrase 
to muse which is the true subject. It is consequently 
a pro-phrase. 

This is a work which it is beyond the power of man to 
perform. 

(b.) It, the local subject, is a pro-phrase representing 
the true subject TO perform. This may be seen by 
inverting the order of the sentence. 

This is a work to perform which is beyond the power of man. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 41 

Example : — It is a difficult feat to stand on one foot and keep one's 
position on the saddle, while the horse is at full speed. 

26. Note. — Grammarians have usually regarded the pronoun in 
examples similar to the above, as standing for the entire expression, 
i. e., the infinitive and all the elements that limit it. Such views 
are not favorable to close analysis. The pronoun stands for the in- 
finitive as limited by other words or phrases. In the example above, 
it represents to stand limited by on one foot ; just as, in the sen- 
tence, " The greatest incitement to labor is its reward," the subject 
is the noun incitement limited by the elements greatest and to labor. 



It as the local subject representing one or more de- 
pendent NOMINAL SENTENCES. 

27. It, used as local subject, frequently stands at the 
head of a sentence, representing one or more nominal 
sentences which follow the verb and constitute its 
true subject. It is then called a pro-sentence. 

Example : — It is true that a repentance redeemed by money or per- 
formed by a substitute, could have no salutary effect on 
the sinner. 

(a.) That a repentance could have, &c., is the true 
subject of the verb is. It, the local subject, standing at 
the head of the sentence, is the representative of the 
time subject, and is, therefore, a pro-sentence. This 
may be seen by inverting the sentence, as follows : 

That a repentance redeemed by money or performed by substi- 
tute, could have no salutary effect on the sinner is true. 



42 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples : — It is with unfeigned diffidence that we pronounce judg- 
ment on any question relating to the art of painting. 
It is manifest by many passages in these records that 
Bannerets were admitted into the upper house, and 
that they were summoned by a writ. 

(b.) It is here a pro-sentence, representing the two 
dependent nominal sentences that Bannerets were ad- 
mitted and that they were summoned by a writ. 

28. Note. — This use of it as a leader or usher of the true sub- 
ject which is introduced after the verb, is in accordance with the 
genius of our language. It would be an awkward violation of rhet- 
oric always to place a nominal sentence or phrase with numerous 
adjuncts, before the verb of the independent sentence. On the other 
hand, it is contrary to the order of an English sentence that it should 
begin with a verb. The use of it as a leader prevents this anomaly, 
while harmony of structure is preserved by introducing the real 
subject after the verb. 



It as the subject representing an independent sen- 
tence. 

29. It may be the subject representing an indepen- 
dent sentence. In these cases it is not used as a 
leader. 

The Yankee, it must be owned, was worsted in the combat. 

(a.) It is a pro -sentence representing the Yankee was 
worsted. 

30. Frequently it stands for a fact or a number of 
facts which it requires several sentences to express. 

Example : — It is not so in America. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 43 

31. The Analysis of it has shown that it may 
represent — 

1. Neuter nouns of the singular number. 

2. Nouns of either number and any gender. 

3. Pronouns of any gender, person, and number. 

4. Some Operations of nature, when standing be- 
fore a unipersonal verb. 

5. One or more nominal phrases which follow the 
verb and form its true subject. 

6. One or more dependent nominal sentences which 
follow the verb and form its true subject. 

7. One or more independent sentences. 

8. One or more facts expressed in several previous 
sentences. As suggestive of these various offices, 
it may be termed a pronoun, a pro-phrase, or a pro- 
sentence. 



32. The following are examples of it as local sub- 
ject, standing for a NOMINAL PHRASE OR SENTENCE. 

It is true that he professes himself a supporter of toleration. 

It is your duty to tolerate the truth. 

It cannot be shown that James sincerely wished to establish free- 
dom of conscience. 

It is a remarkable circumstance, that one of the letters of Hastings 
to Dr. Johnson, bears date a very few hours after the death of Nun- 
comar. 

It must, we fear, be added, that the love of money had grown 
upon him, and that he thought more about his allowances, and less 
about his duties. 



44 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

It seemed likely, at this time, that a general reconciliation would 
put an end to the quarrels which had, during some years, weakened 
and disgraced the government of Bengal. 

Of Impy's conduct, it is impossible to speak too severely. 

It is scarcely possible to mention this eminent man, without ad- 
verting to the question which his name at once suggests to every 
mind. 

DOUBLE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 

33 A double pronoun may be used as subject of 
a sentence. 

Example : — My affairs are unfortunate, yours are prosperous. 

34. The double pronouns are mine, thine, ours, 
yours, his, hers, theirs. 

35. These pronouns always represent two nouns, 
viz., the name of the possessor and the thing pos- 
sessed ; hence they are named double pronouns. 

His property toas saved, but mine was lost. 

(a.) Mine is a double pronoun, subject of the sen- 
tence mine was lost. Eepresenting the thing possessed, 
it is a pronoun, third person, singular number, subject 
of the sentence. Eepresenting the possessor, it is 
first person, singular number, and adjunct of the 
subject. 

Both my books and hers were bought in the city. 

(b.) Hers is a double pronoun, representing her and 
boohs. Eepresenting books, it is third person, singu- 
lar, subject of the sentence hers were bought, &c. Eep- 
resenting the possessor, it is third person, singular, 
feminine, and the adjunct of the subject. 



ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 45 

36. It will be noticed that the form of these double 
pronouns in the first and second persons, shows the 
number and person of the possessor, and, in the third 
person its number and gender ; while the number 
and gender of the noun possessed must be determined 
by referring to it, as it will be expressed in some 
other part of the sentence. 

Example : — Your parents are wealthy, mine are indigent. 

(a.) Here, the form of the pronoun mine, shows that 
in representing the possessor, it is first person, singu- 
lar number ; but representing the thing possessed, 
its number and gender must be determined by re- 
ferring to parents, the noun for which it stands. 

37. Note. — The double pronouns have been sometimes improperly 
classed among the possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, her, &c. 

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 

38. An intensive personal pronoun is sometimes 
used as subject of a sentence when emphasis is re- 
quired. 

39. The intensive pronouns are myself, thyself, your- 
self, himself, herself, itself, and their plurals ourselves, 
yourselves, and themselves. 

Examples : — Your father and yourself are witnesses. 
The stranger and myself were left alone. 

(a.) Myself is here an intensive pronoun, first per- 
son, singular number, and subject of the sentence. 



46 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

40. These pronouns are formed by prefixing the 
possessive personal pronouns of the first and second 
persons, or the objective form of the third person, 
to the word self or selves. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 

41. A relative pronoun may also be made the sub- 
ject of a sentence. 

Example : — He who labors will succeed. 

42. A relative pronoun is a pronoun which connects 
a sentence to its antecedent. 

43. Note. — The noun or pronoun which is represented by a rela- 
tive pronoun, is called the antecedent 

44. The relative pronouns are who, which, what, 
that, and in some cases, as and than. 

I know one who will relieve me. 

(a.) Who is a relative pronoun, third person, singu- 
lar, subject of the sentence who will relieve me. Since 
it connects its sentence to its antecedent one, it is also 
a secondary connective, and since its antecedent is a 
pronoun, it is a secondary adnominal connective. 

45. The relative pronoun, then, always performs 
two offices — that of a pronoun, and that of a secon- 
dary adnominal connective. 

Men who are devoted to learning, are not generally fond 
of society. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 47 

(a.) Who is a relative pronoun, subject of the de- 
pendent sentence who are devoted, which it connects to 
its antecedent men. It is, therefore, a secondary ad- 
nominal connective. 

Note. — The three following distinctions between the personal and 
relative pronouns, should be carefully studied. 

46. The personal pronouns change their form to 
indicate the person, gender, and number of the nouns 
for which they stand. On the other hand, the form 
of the relative pronoun is never changed for this pur- 
pose, the same word representing a noun or pronoun 
of any gender, person, or number. In the examples 
" I who speak," " you who speak," &c, the pronoun 
who remains the same, while the personal pronouns 
vary. 

47. The personal pronoun is used simply to pre- 
vent the repetition of a noun, while the relative is 
employed to introduce a sentence which affirms some 
quality or circumstance of the noun to which it re- 
lates : hence the sentence introduced by the relative 
is always adnominal. 

48. The personal pronoun is never & connective, 
and may stand anywhere in the sentence, while the 
relative is always a connective, and stands at the head 
of the sentence which it introduces. 

49. Who is the representative of persons and su- 
perior beings. 

50. Which is the representative of any grammati- 



48 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

cal element except the names of persons and superior 
beings. 

51. Note. — Which, like the word it, may stand for a word, phrase, 
or a sentence. 

Example : — He insulted me, for which I challenged him. 

52. That may stand for nouns of whatever gender. 

53. As may be used as a relative after such, same 
used as an adjective pronoun, and many or much 
limited by as or so. 

Let such as hear take heed. 

(a.) As is a relative pronoun, subject of the sentence 
as hear, which it connects to its antecedent such. 

Examples : — As many as came were satisfied. 
I will give you as much as I have. 

54. As, used as a relative, may be the representa- 
tive of both persons and things. 

55. Than after comparatives is sometimes a rela- 
tive pronoun. 

My griefs are greater than I can bear. 

(a.) Than is here a relative object of the infinitive 
hear. 

Examples : — There was more jesting than befitted the occasion. 
He certainly had a greater salary than he earned. 

56. What used as a relative, includes, also, its an- 
tecedent, and thus performs a double office. 

What has been told is true. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 49 

(a.) What is a pronoun including both the antece- 
dent and the relative. Kepresenting the antecedent, it 
is an adjective pronoun, third person, singular num- 
ber, neuter gender, subject of the sentence what is true. 
In representing the relative, it is a relative pronoun, 
third person, singular, neuter, subject of the sentence 
what has been told, which it connects to what, the antece- 
dent. What is, on this account, a secondary adnom- 
inal connective. In effect what is equivalent to 
that which. 

I do not know "what will result. 

(b.) What representing the antecedent, is the obj ect 
of the indep. sentence I do not know what. Kepresent- 
ing the relative, what is subject of the dep. sentence 
what will result, which it connects to its antecedent 
what. 

51. Note. — It will be seen that what including both the antecedent 
and the relative, will always stand related to the verbs of two sen- 
tences, and that what the relative connects an adnom. sentence to 
what the antecedent. 

58. When what becomes a specifying adjective, the 
noun specified stands related to the verbs of two 
sentences. 

See what beauties are displayed. 

(a.) What is a specifying adjective limiting beauties. 
The noun beauties is the object of the sentence see 
what beauties, and, also, subject of the sentence what 
beauties are displayed. In this case, what still retains 



50 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

its power as a sec. adnom. connective, uniting, in a 
manner, the adnom. sentence to the antecedent. 



WHOEVER. 

59. It is remarkable that the pronoun who receives 
the same power of containing both the antecedent 
and the relative, when joined to the word ever or so- 
ever. 

"Whoever will perform the labor shall receive the reward. 

(a.) Whoever is a relative pronoun including also its 
antecedent. Eepresenting the antecedent, it is a 
pronoun, third person, sing, number, and subject of 
the sentence whoever shall receive the reward. As a 
relative pronoun it is the same person, number, &c, 
and is subject of the dep. adnom. sentence whoever 
will perform the labor, which it connects to its ante- 
cedent whoever. 

WHICHEVER. 

60. Whichever is generally used as a specifying 
adjective, and does not give a twofold relation to the 
noun specified. It is, however, a sec. connective. 

Whichever way we look, we behold the exponents of busy 
life. 

(a.) Whichever is a specifying adjective limiting 
way ; it is also a sec. adverb, connective, uniting the 
adverbial sentence whichever ivay we look, to the verb 
behold. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 51 



WHATEVER. 

61. Whatever is a relative pronoun having the 
power of what. 

At once came forth whatever creeps. 

(a.) Whatever is a pronoun. Kepresenting the an- 
tecedent, it is subject of the indep. sentence whatever 
came. As a relative it is subject of the dep. adnom. 
sentence whatever creeps, which it connects to what- 
ever, the antecedent. 

Note. — Whatever is sometimes used without a double relation. 
Example: — Whatever is read, let it be read with attention. 

62 . Whatever is employed as a specifying adjective 
without imparting a double power to the noun limit- 
ed. 

We may rely upon him, whatever course he takes. 

(a.) Whatever is a specifying adjective limiting 
course. It is also a sec. adverb, connective, uniting 
the dep. adverb, sentence whatever course he takes, to 
the verb may of the indep. sentence we may rely. 

63. Ever and soever render the words, to which 
they are annexed, indefinite. 

64. Note. — What is rarely used for the adverb partly. 

Example : — What with extravagance and what with drunkenness I 
soon ruined myself. 



52 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

65. An interrogative pronoun may be used as sub- 
ject of a sentence. 

Examples : — Who is he ? 

Which did he choose ? 
What will follow ? 

66. Who, which, and what become interrogative pro- 
nouns when they form one of the elements of an 
interrogative sentence. They differ from the simple 
relatives in two particulars. 

1st. They no longer relate to a noun antecedent, 
but to a noun subsequent. 

Example : — Who comes there ? Answer. — A friend. 

(a.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, third person, 
sing, number, subject of the dep. sentence who comes, 
and relates to the subsequent noun friend. 

2d. The interrogative pronouns differ from the 
relative in the fact that, while the relatives are always 
adnom. connectives, the interrogatives are adverbial 
connectives, always joining an interrogative sentence 
to a verb. 

Example : — Who calls? shouted he. 

(b.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, subj ect of the 
sentence who calls f and relates to a subsequent word 
contained in the answer. Who is also a sec. ad- 
verb, connective because it connects its sentence to 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 53 

shouted. Who calls? is a nominal sentence, the ob- 
ject of shouted. 
67. The subsequent noun to which the interrogative 
pronoun relates, will always hold the same relation 
to its verb, that the interrogative holds in the question. 
68. If the interrogative pronoun is subject of the 
sentence, the subsequent noun will be subject of the 
same verb in its own sentence where it is usually 
suppressed. 

Examples: — Who was the thief? Ans. — Thomas, i. e. Thomas was 
the thief. 
Which of the candidates was defeated? Ans. — Terry 

(was defeated.) 
What has been said on the subject ? Ans. — Nothing 
(has been said.) 

(a.) What and its subsequent nothing are both sub- 
jects of the same verb has been, which is expressed 
in the interrogative sentence and suppressed in the 
answer. 

69. Note. — The verb in the interrogative sentence does not al- 
ways agree in person with the verb in the answer. 

Example : — Who are you ? Ans. — I am Clodius. 

70. So also when the interrogative is possessive, 
or the object of the verb in the interrogative sentence, 
the noun or pronoun responsive will have the same 
relation; i. e. be possessive or objective, though the 
governing word is suppressed. 

Example: — Whom did you call ? Ans. — I called Samuel. 

Whose book have you ? Ans. — I have your book. 



54 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

71. Very often the interrogatives are used for 
rhetorical effect, when they stand for no definite re- 
sponsive. 

Example : — " Who can tell if ever more should meet those mutual 
eyes ? " 

72. The interrogative pronoun usually connects 
its sentence to a verb in an indep. sentence which is 
suppressed. 

Example : — Who will pay it ? Ans. — The merchant. 

(a.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, relating to its 
responsive merchant ; it is also a sec. adverb, connec- 
tive, connecting the sentence who will pay it, to the 
verb of an indep. sentence suppressed; as, /ask who 
will pay it? In this case, who connects its sentence 
to ash, which may be either suppressed or expressed. 

73. The interrogative pronoun introduces a dep. 
nominal or adverbial sentence which usually limits 
the verb of an indep. sentence. This indep. sentence 
is often understood and is equivalent to some general 
expression ; as, / ash, tell me, he inquired, &c. 

Examples : — (Tell me,) which will be sent ? 
What is wanted ? (he inquired.) 

RESPONSIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 

74. Who, which, or what, when used as a respon- 
sive, may be subject of a sentence. 

Example : — Who found the treasure ? Ans. — I do not know who 
found the treasure. 



ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 55 

75. Who, which, and what are responsive pronouns 
when they are used in answering questions which 
are either expressed or implied. 

Example : — Who took the prize ? Ans. — 1 cannot tell who took the 
prize. 

(a.) Who is a responsive pronoun, third person, sing, 
number, and subject of the sentence who took the 
prize, which it connects to the verb tell. Who is, 
therefore, a sec. adverb, connective, and who took the 
prize is a dep. nominal sentence, and the object of 
the transitive verb tell. The sentence introduced by 
a responsive pronoun, will, therefore, from being al- 
ways connected to a verb, be either nominal or ad- 
verbial. 

Examples : — I cannot say -whose work it is. 

I did not discover who had committed the theft. 

I cannot tell what is lost. 

"We soon saw which had escaped. 

They know who will conquer. 

76. "Whenever who, which, or what connects its 
sentence to a verb and is not interrogative, it is 
classed with the responsives. 

77. Note. — Which and what are very often interrogative adjec- 
tives. 

Examples : — Which master shall we obey ? 
What reward is offered ? * 

(a.) They here stand for the adjective which quali- 
fies or limits the noun in the responsive sentence. In 
the example — u Which horse will run? Ans. — The 
black horse" — which stands for black. 



56 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Example : — What fields are those ? Ans. — Wheat fields. 

(b.) Here what stands for the adjective wheat; it 
might, therefore, be termed a pro-adjective. 

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

78. An adjective pronoun is often the subject of 
a sentence. 

79. An adjective pronoun is a word which may spe- 
cify a noun when expressed, or represent it when 
omitted. 

"Some place their bliss in action, some in ease; 
Those call it pleasure, and contentment these." 

(a.) The words some, those, suid these are the repre- 
sentatives of some noun which is omitted, as, people or 
men. "When we supply this noun (which will not 
change the sense) they become specifying adjec- 
tives ; as, Some (men) place their bliss in action, &c. ; 
These (men) call it pleasure, &c. 

Some is now a specifying adjective, an adnom. word 
limiting men. (See Adnominal Words ) 

80. Some adjective pronouns vary in form to 
agree in number and person with the nouns they 
represent or limit ; some are found only in the sin- 
gular, others only in the plural number, and many, 
like nearly all the adjectives in our language, 
have the same form in both numbers. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



57 



81. SYNOPSIS OF THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


This, 


these. 


Each, 





That, 


those. 


Either, 





Other, 


. others. 


Neither, 





One, 


ones. 


None (quantity.) 


none (number.) 


Another, 


others. 





both. 


Former, 


former. 





many. 


Latter, 


latter. 





fevr. 


Same, 


same. 





all. 


Any, 


any. 






Such, 


such. 








THIS 


and THAT. 





82. This represents an object near at hand in time 
or place, that an object which is distant. Accord- 
ingly, when two objects are mentioned, this and 
these represent the last named, that and those the first 
mentioned. 

83. This and that are often the representatives of 
phrases or sentences. 

He called in the aid of the enemies of England; this 
was treason. 

(a.) This is subject of the verb was and represents 
the indep. sentence He called in aid, &c. 



They say that the music of Orpheus compelled the trees to follow 
m : this is incredible. 



58 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

(h.) This is a pro-sentence standing for the dep. nom- 
inal sentence That the music of Orjpheus compelled, 
&c. 

84. Sometimes this stands for several preceding 
sentences. 

They are firmly persuaded that they are God's chosen 
people, and that all others being outcasts and Gen- 
tiles, are legitimate victims of robbery and theft. 
They believe that their prophet knows every thing 
present, past, and future. All this belongs to their 
creed. 

{a.) In this case, this is a pro-sentence, standing for 
the dep. nominal sentences introduced by that. 

85. Karely this represents a subsequent sentence. 

Let no prince measure the danger of discontent by this, 
whether it be just or unjust. 

(a.) This is a pro-sentence representing the dep. ad- 
verb, sentence introduced by whether. 

86. This may represent a verb infinitive. 

God alone has power to forgive sin, and this he will do 
only when the sinner is truly penitent. 

(a.) This stands for to forgive, and is, therefore, a 
pro -phrase. 

87. This may stand at the head of a sentence as 
subject, and act as a leader for the verbs represent- 
ed, which are introduced subsequently. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 59 

" For this of him -who would approach and eat, 
"Was rigorously exacted to the full ; 
To teead and bruise beneath the foot the world 
Entire; its pride, ambition, hopes, desires; 
Its gold, and all its broidered equipage ; 
To loose its loves and friendships from the heart, 
And cast them off; to shot the ear against 
Its praise ; and all its flatteries abhoe." 

(a.) This is the local subject of the sentence this was 
exacted, and is the leader and representative of the 
phrases to tread, to bruise, to hose, to cast, to shut, and 
to abhor; all of which are the true subjects of the 
sentence this was exacted. 

THAT. 

88. That is a pro-sentence in examples like the 
following: You say the bank is closed: who told you 
that? We mighty in this example, supply the sen- 
tence thus: Who told you THAT the bank was closed? 
In this manner, that sometimes becomes an adjective 
specifying a sentence. This singular power of that, 
to specify a sentence, and at the same time to con- 
nect it to the word on which it depends, is very ex- 
tensively applied in our language. 

You have been guilty of a base calumny, and that too in regard 
to your best friend. 

(a.) That stands for the preceding sentence. 

"That be far from thee to do in this manner." 

(b.) That is a pro-phrase standing for to do. 



60 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



ONE and OTHER. 

89. One and other as pronouns are often used in 
contrast. 

Example : — The two systems of philosophy were widely different 
in their results ; the one gave a soporific to the world 
which produced the long sleep of the dark ages ; the 
other a stimulant that broke its slumbers. 

90. One as a pronoun usually stands for an in- 
definite noun. 

Example: — One cannot always see the wiser course. 

91. Other cannot generally be employed as a 
pronoun, without a preceding adjective. 

Example : — " One took the oilier briskly by the hand." 

92. Each and other sometimes have a reciprocal 
relation. 

Example : — They hate each other cordially, i. e., they cordially hate, 
each (hates) the other. 

93. Each is an adjective pronoun standing for 
they and the distributive subject of the verb hate. 
Other is an adjective pronoun standing for they dis- 
tributively ; it is, also, object of the verb hate. 

94. One sometimes corresponds to another in a 
similar construction. 

Example : — See how the Christians love one another, i. e., one loves 
another. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 61 

EACH. 

98. Each is always used as a distributive, i. e., 
it always stands for a plural noun, and takes 
each one of the number contained in this noun, 
separately. 

Example : — In the streets, each wishing to make profit of his neigh- 
bor, merchants assembling spoke of trying times. 

Each represents merchants, taking each individual 
separately. 

ONES and OTHERS. 

99. Ones and others are never adjectives: they are 
not therefore adjective pronouns but simply pro- 
nouns, the plural of one and other. 

NONE. 

100. None (no-one) is always a pronoun. From 
the compounding of this word we would expect to 
find it only in the singular number, but when it is 
the representative of individual objects, it is actually 
found only in the plural. 

Example: — There are none among my acquaintances whom I can 
trust. 

None is a plural pronoun, subject of the verb 
are. 

4 



62 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

If none were singular, the form of the sentence 
would be there is none, &c, which is not good usage. 

In order to make this pronoun singular, we must 
divide it — thus : There is no one, &c. 

101. None, whenever it stands for quantity and 
not for a number, is singular. 

Example : — We searched for water, but there was none to be found. 



BOTH. 

102. Both as an adjective pronoun stands for 
nouns in the plural number, as, 

Both were wrong. 



EITHER. 

103. Either stands for two persons or things 
taking them singly, i. e n one or the other. 

Example : — Call James or John; either can help you. 

NEITHER. 

104. Neither (compounded of not either) is the neg- 
ative of either. 

Examples : — Both promised but neither performed. 

Ask the doctor or lawyer ; neither can inform you, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. C3 



SUCH, MANY, and SAME. 

105. Such, many, and same are used either in tlie 
singular or plural number. 

FORMER and LATTER. 

106. Former and latter are frequently placed in 
contrast, former standing for the first of two prece- 
ding nouns or sentences, and latter for the last. 

Example : — A false philosophy and a false religion exerted a 
powerful influence against scientific research. The 
former despised it as vulgar and low ; the latter 
forbade it as sacrilegious and sinful. 

Here former is an adjective pronoun subject of 
despised, and represents philosophy. Latter is an 
adjective pronoun snbject of forbade, and represents 
religion. 

107. First, last, each, either, same and both are often 
the representatives of phrases or sentences. 

Examples: — You can pay the note now or wait till a more conve- 
nient time, either will suit me. 

Either is an adjective pronoun representing the 
two preceding sentences taken separately. 

He directed me to visit the market and also to attend 
to affairs at home : 1 could not do both. 

108. The Numerals are all employed as pronouns 
and used as the subjects of sentences. 



64 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Example : — Six men engaged in the enterprise ; five were hilled 
but the sixth escaped. 

Six and five are adjective pronouns. 

109. Finally all the qualifying adjectives may be 
employed as pronouns, by placing before them the 
specifying adjective the. 

Example : — The wise and the good obeyed its precepts, but the wick- 
ed neglected and despised them. 



IMPERFECT PARTICIPLES AS SUBJECT. 

110. Participles ending in ing are often subjects 
of sentences. 

Example : — Walking fast and frequently gives one an appetite. 

VERBS INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT. 

111. Verbs infinitive are often employed as 
subjects of sentences. Thus used, they are called 
nominal phrases. Sentences of this kind are usually 
introduced by the pro-phrase it while the true sub- 
ject follows the verb. This idiom of the language 
we have noticed in the remark on the uses of it. 

112. We may write "To keep) one's temper is. de- 
sirable" or "It is desirable to Izeep ones temper." 

The nominal phrase to keep as limited by the ob- 
ject temper, is the true subject of the verb is. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 65 

Examples: — To analyze language accurately requires patient study, 
or ; It requires patient study to analyze language 
accurately. 

To decide these questions is not necessary, or ; It is not 
necessary to decide these questions. 

It is not difficult to discover many irresistible argu- 
ments in favor of such a scheme, or; To discover 
many arguments in favor of such a scheme is not 
difficidt. 

DEPENDENT SENTENCE AS SUBJECT. 

113. The pro-sentence it is usually placed before 
the verb of the independent sentence, as local sub- 
ject, when one or more dependent sentences stand 
as the true subject. 

Example : — It is a trite remark that time is money. 

The leader it however sometimes is omitted, and 
the dep. sentence is placed before the verb. 

Examples : — That time is money is a trite remark. 

It is not probable that Bacon's defence had much effect 
on his contemporaries, or ; That Bacon's defence 
had much effect on his contemporaries is not prob- 
able. 

The sentence in italics is subject of the verb is. 

(Thou sbalt have no other gods before me) belongs to 
to the decalos-ue. 



66 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



CHAPTER III. 

OF THE OBJECT. 

1. Any element which is required to complete 
the sense of a transitive verb, is called its Object. 

Examples: — The dogs pursue the fox. 
The farmer plows the field. 

2. In the usual order of a transitive sentence, the 
object follows the verb ; sometimes, however, this 
order is reversed for the sake of euphony or vivacity. 

Examples : — Thy way thou canst not miss. 
Me mine requires. 

Virtue, not rolling suns, the mind matures.- 
(I can't get out) said the starling. 

3. If the object be a relative pronoun, it will 
always stand before the verb. 

Example: — The person whom we appointed, is not present. 

4. The object may consist of a nominal word, a 
nominal phrase, or a nominal sentence. 

THE NOMINAL WORD IN THE OBJECTIVE RELATION. 

5. The nominal word in the objective relation, 
may be a noun. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 67 

Examples : — The herald declared the will of the king. 

The diplomatist knew the importance of the measure. 
The conqueror sold the captives and their booty. 

6. The objective word may be & personal pronoun. 

7. The personal pronouns, except it and you, 
change their form to indicate the objective relation. 



1. FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN IN THE SUB- 
JECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE RELATION. 

FIRST PERSON. 

Sing. Plural. 

Subject ..... I ...... . We. 

Object Me Us. 

SECOND PERSON. 

Sing. Plural. 

Subject . . . .Thou or you Ye or you. 

Object Thee or you Ye or you. 

THIRD PERSON. 

Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. 

Subject He. . .They She. .They It. . .They. 

Object Him. .Them Her. .Them It... Them. 

Examples : — Me ye have bereaved of my children. 
I know thee well. 
I'll pitch thee from the cliff. 
The bugle's notes aroused us from our slumbers. 
I shall see you no more. 
They pass him carelessly. 
The colonel with his party, attacked the robbers, and 

drove them to the forest. 
They received her with feeble acclamations. 
He lost his trunk, but afterwards found it at another 
station. 



68 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



IT, the Local Object, as a Pro-Phrase. 

9. As local object, it may be a pronoun, a pro- 
phrase, or a pro-sentence. 

Examples : — "We found it impossible to defend the fort. 

(a.) It, the local object of the verb found, is a pro- 
phrase representing to defend, which is the true ob- 
ject of the same verb. 

My friends declared it an outrage to dismiss me from 
office. 

(b.) It, the local object of the verb declared, is a 
pro-phrase standing for to dismiss, which is the true 
object of the same verb declared. 

The general thought it advisable to make a forced 
march. 

I found it toilsome to climb the cliff. 

He has the ability to harmonize these discordant ele- 
ments, and he will do it. 

(c.) It is a, pro-phrase standing for to harmonize 
as limited by its object. 

As for the pulling of them down, if affairs demand if, 
we will make the attempt. 

(<£) In this case, it stands for the participle pullinj 
as limited by other words of the phrase. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 69 



IT (Local Objecp) standing foe a Dependent Sentenci 

10. It is very often the local object of a trans, 
verb or participle when it represents a dep. sen- 
tence which is the true object. 

1 shall have it to say that i have attained the 

UTMOST OF MY WISHES. 

(a.) It is a pro-sentence, the local object of shall 
have, and represents the dep. sentence, that I have 
attained the utmost, &c, which, is the true object of 
shall have. We may see this by asking the follow- 
ing question: What shall I have to say? Ans. — 
That I have attained, &c. 

Examples : — I will proclaiai it to the world, that thou art a coward. 

11. It as a pro sentence and object of a verb, 
sometimes represents an indep. sentence. 

For my part, I confess it with shame, i was always an 

INCORRIGIBLE LAGGARD. 

(a.) It here stands for the indep. sentence I ivas 
an incorrigible laggard. 

12. Sometimes it is employed to give a general 
signification to the verb of which it is the object. 

Example: — He lords it over God's heritage. 



YO ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT. 

18. Who is the only one of the relative pronouns 
tli at changes its form to show the relations of sub- 
ject and object. 

Subject — Who. 
Object — Whom. 

As has been before remarked, the relative pro- 
noun whether subject or object, stands at the head 
of a sentence which it connects to its antecedent. 

I know the man 'whom you have slandered. 

(a.) Analysis: — Whom is a relative pronoun, 
object of slandered — relating to man to which it 
connects the sentence whom you have slandered. 

It is the same wagon that I saw yesterday. 

(b) Analysis: — That is a relative pronoun, ob- 
ject of the dep. sentence that I saw, which it con- 
nects with its antecedent wagon. 

Examples : — The country which we crossed was barren. 
He can take such as we have. 
Such as I have give I unto thee. 

The thief refused to divide what he had stolen. 

(c.) Analysis: — Subject— thief; Yerb— refused 
object — to divide ; indep. trans, sentence. 
Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
No adjunct of the verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 7l 

Object of to divide — what (as antecedent.) 
Adjunct of what (antecedent) — what he had stolen. 
Connective — what (relative) ; subject — he; verb — 

had stolen; object — what (relative); dep. transitive 

adnom. sentence. 

Examples : — He spent what he earned. 

Will you pay what I demand ? 

OBJECT COMPOSED OF TWO NOUNS. 

14. Many transitive verbs are followed by an ob- 
ject composed of two nouns or a noun and & pronoun, 
which denote the same person or thing. 

They chose me captain. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subj ect — They ; verb — chose ; 
object — u me captain" which are both used to de- 
note the same person. The sentence is indep. trans. 

Examples : — We call him father. 

The Count esteemed William his hest friend. 
We named him Jacob. 
The stranger showed himself an adept. 
Jove made Mercury his messenger. 
The man whom they call Wild Sam was seen near the 
house. 

In this case ivhom and Sam together form the ob- 
ject of the transitive verb call. 

15. An adjective may take the place of the latter 
noun. 



12 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

His manners have rendered him odious. 

(a.) Analysts: — Subject — manners ; verb — have 
rendered ; object — Mm with, its adjunct odious : indep. 
trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — Ms — adnom. word. 

Examples: — Exercise in the open air made the old man strong and 
healthy. 
My friends declared me mad. 

DIRECT and INDIRECT OBJECT. 

16. Some verbs are followed by two objects, the 
one direct and the other indirect. 

The Preceptor taught me grammar. 

(a.) ANALYSIS : — Subject — Preceptor ; verb — 
taught; direct object — grammar; indirect object — 
me; indep. trans, sentence. 

17. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun 
which holds a relation to the verb similar to that 
expressed by the connective of a phrase. 

Examples: — The lawyer asked me many questions. 
The boy told his father a lie. 

The aged hermit offered the traveler his rude fare. 
My friends gave me a pleasant account of their jour- 
ney. 

(a.) Note. — The indirect object, in its effect upon the verb, has 
the force of a phrase. To make it a phrase, however, by supplying 
a connective, is awkward and unnecessary. In the example, he asked 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 73 

me a question, we may call me the indirect object of asked, or sup- 
plying some connective, as of or from, we may dispose of me as the 
essential element of a phrase. This last method would evidently 
distort the sense of the sentence. 



NOMINAL PHRASE AS OBJECT. 

18. A nominal phrase consisting of a verb in the 
infinitive mode, is often made the object of a sentence. 

He loves to drink and to gamble. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb — loves; ob- 
jects — to drink and to gamble — nominal phrases; an 
indep. trans, sentence. 

Examples : — He wished to die. 
He promised to go. 

The old man professed to find gold with a rod. 
He intends to adopt the child and to give him a liberal 
education. 

(b.) Note. — "When, as in these cases, the subject of the infinitive 
is the same as the subject of the sentence, it is not usually expressed ; 
but when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as the subject 
of the sentence, it is expressed, and the infinitive with its subject 
become the object of the principal verb. 

He directed the guide to proceed. 

(c.) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb directed; ob- 
ject — " guide to proceed" — indep. trans, sentence. 

Examples : — The student desired me to excuse him. 

Great Britain forced the colonies to pay enormous taxes. 
The king commanded his army to cross the mountains. 



?4 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

(d.) Note. — After bid, dare, let, make, need, see, feel, hear, may, 
can, must, and frequently have, and help, the particle to of the in- 
finitive is not used. 

I bade him follow. 

(<?.) Analysis: — Subject — I; verb — hade; object 
— " him follow ;" indep. trans, sentence. 

Examples : — He dares not touch a hair of Catiline. 
I saw him climb the mountain. 
You heard him say it. 
" Let not despair nor fell revenge 
Be to my bosom known." 
He felt his courage fail. 

THE PARTICIPLE AS OBJECT. 

19. One or more nominal participles ending in 
trig, are often the object of a sentence. 

The Indian loves hunting and fishing. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — Indian; verb — loves; 
objects — hunting and fishing ; indep. trans, sentence. 

Examples : — He practiced fencing. 
Lying he detests. 
Do you decline serving? 

20. Frequently a noun or pronoun and & participle 
which is its adjunct, form the object of a sentence. 

We saw them lying in the shade. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — We; verb — saw; ob- 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. ^5 

ject — "them lying" — consisting of the participle and 
the pronoun limited by it ; indep trans, sentence. 

No adjuncts of the subject. 

No adjuncts of the verb. 

Adjunct of the participle lying — in shade — ad- 
verb, phrase. 

Adj unct of shade — the — adorn, word. 

Examples : — The laborer saw the sun rising. 

The guards heard them entering the outer gate. 

(b.) Note. — In this case, the participle and the word which it 
limits, are used like the infinitive and its subject. 



DEPENDENT NOMINAL SENTENCE AS OBJECT. 

21. One or several dependent nominal sentences are 
often made the object in a transitive sentence. 

The spy pretended that he was a peddler. 

(a.) Analysis: Subject — spy; verb — pretended; 
object — that he teas a peddler ; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

The object is a sentence. 

Connective — that; subject — he; verb — was; com- 
plement of the verb — peddler — adnom. word ; dep., 
neuter, nom. sentence. 

Adjunct of peddler — a — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 



76 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples: — The witness strongly insisted that he told the truth. 

The royalists believed that the country would be over- 
run by these reprobates. 

I know who it is. 

He asked them when the case would be decided. 

We now perceived that the enemy had struck their 
colors. 

We believe that the soul is immortal. 

And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto 
him, Where art thou ? 

The parliament did not know who their enemies were. 

No man knows when the day of his death will come. 



INDEPENDENT SENTENCE AS OBJECT. 

22. Frequently one or more independent sen- 
tences become the objects of a transitive verb. This 
is the case when the objective sentence is not introduced 
by a secondary connective either expressed or implied. 

Heaven help thee, cried the knight. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — knight; verb — cried; 
object — u Heaven help thee;" indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

ISTo adjunct of the verb. 

The object is a sentence. 

Subject — Heaven; verb — help; object — thee; in- 
dep. trans, sentence. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 77 

Examples: — " Wisdom," said God, "retires, 

And counts it bravery to bear reproach, 
And shame, and lowly poverty : " 
" Wisdom, 1 " replies the world, " struts forth to gaze, 
Treads the broad stage of life with clamorous feet? 

" And he shrieked out aloud, 
Clarence is come ! false, fleeting, perjured Clarence, 
That stabbed me in the field by Tewksbury ! 
Seize on him furies ! take him to your torments." 

23. The dependent nominal sentence sometimes 
forms the direct object of a sentence while a noun 
or pronoun is used as the indirect object. 

A hawk asked a little mouse that he -would liberate him. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — hawk; verb — ashed; 
object (direct) — that he would liberate him ; object (in- 
direct) — mouse; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — a — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

The direct object is a sentence : 

Subject — he; verb — would; dep. nom. in trans, 
sentence. 

No adjunct of the subject. 

Complement of the verb — the infinitive liberate; 
object of liberate — him. 

Adjunct of the indirect object — a and little — ad- 
nom. words. 

Examples : — The general told his army that the enemy was in sight. 
They earnestly asked us loho had brought the news. 



78 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



CHAPTEK IV. 

OF THE COMPLEMENT OF THE NEUTER SENTENCE. 

1. The predicate of a neuter sentence is composed 
of a verb and an adjunct of the subject. 

PREDICATE. 

Example : — The wind is strong. 

2. The adjunct of the subject in the predicate is 
called the complement of the neuter verb. 

3. The complement of the neuter verb may be an 
adnominal word, an adnominal phrase, or an adnomi- 

nal sentence. 

4. The adnominal word which forms the comple- 
ment of a neuter verb, may be a noun, a pronoun, a 
participle, or an adjective. 

5. NOUN AS COMPLEMENT. 
The Indians were faithful allies. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — Indians; verb — were; 
complement of the verb — allies — an adnominalword 
— adjunct of the subject. 

Adjunct of the subject— the — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. /9 

Adjunct of the complement — -faithful — adnom. 
word. 

Examples : — The prize was a silver medal. 
Jeffrey was the judge. 
I am a Greek. 
The boy became a man. 

6. PRONOUN" AS COMPLEMENT. 
, It is I. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — it; verb — 2*5; comple- 
ment of the verb /; indep. neuter sentence. 

Examples: — Is that she? 
You are he. 
Who are they ? 
What am I ? 

If you are he who you say you are, I will report your 
case. 

(5.) Note. — Pronouns in the predicate of a neuter sentence, take 
the subjective form. 

7. ADJECTIVE AS COMPLEMENT. 
The way is long. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — way; verb — is; com- 
plement of the verb — long — an adnominal word — 
the adjunct of the subject. The sentence is indep. 
neuter. 

Examples : — The mountain is high. 

" The night was dark and fearful? 
The world is 



80 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

8. PARTICIPLE AS COMPLEMENT. 
His heart was broken. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — heart; verb — was; 
complement of the verb — broken — adnom. word — ad- 
junct of the subject. The sentence is indep. neuter. 
Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 

Examples: — The tower is fallen. 

The butcher is killing the ox. 
The ox is killed. 
His heart was broken. 
The boy was struck. 

(b.) Note. — Grammarians have usually distinguished this last form 
of the neuter sentence, as the passive form of the verb. 

(c.) Note. — The verb infinitive is sometimes used in the predicate 
of a neuter sentence, instead of the future tense of the same verb. 

Examples: — The governor is to return to morrow, instead of "the 
governor will return, etc." 
" The theatre is to be opened this evening," instead of 
" the theatre will be opened, etc." 

9. ADNOMINAL PHRASE AS COMPLEMENT OF THE VERB. 
My brother was in the battle. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — brother; verb— was; 
complement of the verb — in battle — adnom. phrase 
— adjunct of the subject. The sentence is indep. 
neuter. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 81 

Adjunct of the subject — my — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Connectives of the phrase — in — sec. adverb. 

Essential element battle. 

Adjunct of battle — the — adnom. word. 

(b.) Note. — The phrase and the sentence in the predicate of a 
neuter sentence, present an anomaly. They are strictly adjuncts of 
the subject, but are connected directly to the verb ; consequently the 
the connective is adverbial. 

Examples : — The snow is on the ground. 

The murderer was under the influence of strong drink. 

The men were at his control. 

The Scots were beyond the mountain. 

The old men and children were at home, while the 

strong warriors were in the battle. 
The witness seemed in his right mind. 
It exists in imagination. 

10. ADNOMINA.L SENTENCE AS COMPLEMENT OF THE 
NEUTER VERB. 

The fact is that he stole the money. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subject— -fact; verb — is ; com- 
plement of the verb — that he stole the money ; indep. 
neuter sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

The complement is a sentence ; connective — that 
— sec. adverb : subject — he; verb — stole; object — 
money ; dep. trans, adnom. sentence. 



82 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

No adjunct of the subject. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Adjunct of the object — the — adnom. word. 

Examples : — The proof of his cowardice is that he trembled when 
he heard the cannon, and ran before he was in dan- 
ger. 

The greatest indication of peril was that the captain, 
turned pale. 

The wonder is how he escaped. 

The strangest part of the story is that he should forget 
Ms friends. 

The danger is when the tide rises. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENG-LISH SENTENCE. 83 



CHAPTER Y. 



OF THE VERB. 

1. A Verb is a word used to express or affirm some- 
thing of its subject. 

Examples: — The lion roars. 

God created man. 

The weather remains cold. 

Boars, created, and remains, are verbs because they 
express or affirm something of their subjects, lion, 
God, and weather. 

2. Verbs are transitive, intransitive, or neuter. 

3. Verbs are transitive which require the addition 
of an object to make complete sense. 

Examples : — Industry overcomes obstacles. 
We desire happiness. 

4. Ve^bs are called intransitive which complete the 
sense in themselves. 

Examples: — Birds fly. 
Boys run. 
God lives. 



5. Verbs are called neuter which do not imply ac- 
tion, and are used simply to affirm some property or 
attribute of the subject. 



84 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples : — James is industrious. 
The soldier is wounded. 
The city is in ruins. 
The story became exciting. 
He seems a scoundrel. 
The fort looks strong. 

Here, industrious, wounded, in ruins, exciting, scoun- 
drel, and strong, express properties, attributes, or char- 
acteristics of the subject, and the verbs is, becomes and 
seems are used to assert these attributes. 

(a.) Note. — The verb to be is the most common neuter verb, but 
look, seem, become, and others are often used. 



PERSON AND NUMBER OF THE VERB. 

6. Yerbs are varied in their form and terminations 
to accord with the person and number of their sub- 
jects. This occurs, however, only in the termination 
of the third person singular of the present and in 
the form of the future tenses. 



Present Tense. Future Tense. 
Singular. Singular. 

First Person T strike I shall strike. 

Second Person You strike You will strike. 

Third Person He strikes He will strike. 

Plural. Plural. 

First Person We strike We shall strike. 

Second Person You strike You will strike. 

Third Person They strike They will strike. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 85 

MODE. 

7. Mode means manner. 

8. The mode of a verb is the manner in which it 
expresses something of its subject. 

9. Verbs have four modes, viz. : the indicative, the 
subjunctive, the imperative, and the infinitive. 

10. A verb is in the indicative mode when it is used 
to make an absolute declaration. 

Examples : — Horses run. 

Soldiers fight. 
We must die. 
He ean win. 

11. A. verb is in the subjunctive mode when it is 
used to express whatever is conditional, assumed, 
or uncertain. 

Examples : — When he returns. 
If we are alive. 
Though he slay me. 
He who labors. 
The man whom we saw. 

(a.) Note. — A verb may be changed from the indicative to the 
subjunctive mode, by prefixing a secondary connective to the sen- 
tence in which it stands. The verbs of all dependent sentences are 
in the subjunctive. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Examples : — He returns. When he returns. 

We are alive. If we are alive. 

He is industrious. Though he is industrious. 

He pays me. Provided he pays me. 



86 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

12. All verbs in sentences introduced by relative 
'pronouns are in the subjunctive mode. 

13. A verb is in the imperative mode when it is 
used to command, to request, or to exhort. 

14. Yerbs in the imperative are usually found in 
the second person, and the subject is usually sup- 
pressed. 

Examples : — Follow ine. 

Return to thy dwelling. 
Charge I Chester, charge I 
Be merciful. 
Hang the rascals. 

15. The first and third persons of the verb in the 
imperative mode, are sometimes, though rarely, used 
in our language. 

Examples : — Turn we now to the past. 

" My soul turn from them, turn we to survey." 

Be it so. 
" Oh ! once again to freedom's cause return, 

The 'patriot Tell, the Bruce of Bannockburn." 

16. A verb is in the infinitive mode when it repre- 
sents action or being abstractly, and does not change 
its form to agree with the person and number of a 
subject. 

Examples : — To walk. 
To be. 

17. The infinitive is usually introduced by the 
particle to, but after hid, dare, let, make, need, see, 
feel, hear, may, can, must, might, could, ivoidd, should, 
and sometimes have and help, to is omitted. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 87 

PARTICIPLES. 

18. Participles are adnominal words derived from 
verbs, and partaking of their nature. They may 
also perform the office of some of the other parts of 
speech, most frequently that of nouns. 

19. Participles have no reference to time; they 
simply show the action, being, or state of the verbs 
from which they are derived as finished or unfinished; 
they are, therefore, called perfect or imperfect parti- 
ciples. 

20. Imperfect participles represent action or being 
in a state unfinished and continuing. 

Examples : — Striking. 
Moving. 
Reading. 
Being. 
Remaining. 

21. Imperfect participles always terminate in ing. 

22. Perfect participles represent action or being 
as finished. 

Examples : — Having struck. 
Struck. 

Having loved. 
Loved. 
Having been. 
Injured. 

23. Transitive verbs have three participles, two 
active and one passive. 



00 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

24. Participles are active when the noun they 
limit is assumed as the actor. 

The •prisoner is shooting his guards. 

(a.) Shooting is an active participle because the 
noun which it limits is the actor. It is imperfect be- 
cause the action is represented as unfinished. 

Having slain the sentinels, the insurgents took possession of the 
fort. 

(b.) Having slain is a perfect participle because it rep- 
resents action as finished — active because the noun 
which it limits is represented as the actor. 

25. Participles are passive when the nouns which 
they limit are represented as receiving the action. 

The robber, struck to the ground, was easily captured. 

(a.) Struck is a perfect participle, because it repre- 
sents the action as finished : it is passive because the 
noun it limits is represented as receiving the action. 

Example : — Bozzarris, slain in battle, left a deathless name. 
26. PARTICIPLES of the transitive verb LOVE. 

ACTIVE. 

Imperfect Loving, 

Perfect Having loved, 

passive, 
Perfect Loved. 

27. Intransitive verbs have two participles: the 
perfect and the imperfect. 

The snow falling fast, nearly blinded us. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 89 

(a.) Falling is an imperfect active participle. 

Having "walked all day, he was very much fatigued. 

(b.) Having ivalked is a perfect active participle. 

Examples : — The carrier pigeon, flying in circles, rises to an immense 
bight. 
Having commenced the enterprise, he was unwilling to 
abandon it. 

28. PARTICIPLES of the intransitive verb WALK. 



Imperfect Walking. 

Perfect Having walked. 

29. Neuter verbs have two neuter participles : the 
perfect and the imperfect. 

We found him seeming more composed. 

(a.) Seeming is an imperfect neuter participle limit- 
ing him. 

Having been twice defeated, the army was nearly destroyed. 

(b.) Having been is a perfect neuter participle limit- 
ing army, and defeated, the complement of having 
been, is a perfect passive participle also limiting army. 

Examples : — Being weary, I lay down to rest. 

Having become roused, be would not be soothed. 



90 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

TENSE. 

80. Tense is a change in the form or termination 
of a verb to show the time of the action, beino;, or 
state which the verb expresses. 

31. Verbs have three tenses corresponding to the 
the three great divisions of time, viz : the present, the 
past, and the future. 

Example : — Present I strike. 

Past I struck. 

Future I shall strike. 

32. In each tense, action or being may be affirmed 
in three ways. 

PRESENT TIME. 

1st. As unfinished or continuing I am looking. 

2d. Without reference to its completion I look. 

3d. As finished , I have looked. 

PAST TrME. 

1st. As unfinished or continuing I "was looking. 

2d. Without reference to its completion I looked. 

3d. As finished ^ I had looked. 

FUTURE TIME. 

1st. As unfinished or continuing I shall be looking. 

2d. Without reference to its completion ..... .1 shall look. 

3d. As finished I shall have looked. 

33. Since the unfinished or progressive tenses of 
the verb are formed by uniting a corresponding tense 
of the verb to be with an imperfect participle, they 
are classed with neuter sentences and need not, 
therefore, appear in the regular conjugation of the 
verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 91 

I was looking. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — I; verb — was; comple- 
ment of the verb — looking — adjunct of the subject; 
an indep. neut. sentence. 

34. The regular arrangement of the tenses in- 
eludes only two forms in each tense. 

PRESENT TIME. 

Present tense I look. 

Present tense perfect in state I have looked. 

PAST TIME. 

Past tense.. I looked. 

Past tense perfect in state I had looked. 

FUTURE TIME. 

Future tense. I shall look. 

Future tense perfect in state I shall have looked. 

35. The three tenses representing action or being 
in a finished state, are called perfect tenses, viz : pre- 
sent perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. 

Present perfect I have looked. 

Past perfeet I had looked. 

Future perfect I shall have looked. 

36. The same element looked, found in each per- 
fect tense, is the perfect active participle without the 
auxiliary having. 

37. In all the perfect tenses, finished action is shown 
by this participle, while the variation of time is shown 
by the different tenses of the auxiliary verb have. 

Present I have. 

Past I had. 

Future. I shall have. 



9-2 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

38. The perf. participle of the verb look is having 
looked. Placing this without the auxiliary having, 
after the present tense of the verb have, we form the 
present perfect tense, viz: I have looked; in which 
the verb have shows the time and the perfect parti- 
ciple looked the state. The other two perfect tenses 
are formed in a similar manner. 

Present perfect I have looked 

Past perfect I had looked. 

Future perfect I shall have looked, 

39. These tenses being composed of two elements 
or parts, are called compound tenses. 

40. Ihe three tenses simply denoting time are 
called simple tenses. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

41. The present tense is the simplest form of the 
verb. 

Examples : — I live. 

We move. 
They plow. 

42. In emphatic, interrogative, and negative sen- 
tences, the auxiliary do is placed before the verb. 

Examples : — Perdition seize thee ; but I do love thee. 
Do you intend to stay ? 
This compliance, however, does not satisfy the people. 

43. The past tense is formed regularly by adding 
d ox ed to the present. 

Examples : — I lived. 
I moved 
Wc plowed. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 93 

44. In this tense did, the past of do, is often used 
in emphatic, interrogative, and negative sentences. 

Examples: — He did tell me a lie. 
They did not deny it. 
Did the storm last all night ? 

45. The future tense is formed b}^ prefixing shall 
or will to the form used in the present. 

46. When we wish simply to foretell or predict, shall 
is used in the first person, and will in the second and 
third ; but when we wish to express determination or 
compulsion, zuill is used in the first person, and shall 
in the second and third. 

DETERMINATION, 
PREDICTION. OR COMPULSION. 

I shall work. ( I will work. 

Singular. 1 You will work. Singular. 1 You shall work. 



He will work. ( He shall work. 

( We shall work. ( "We will work. 

Plural. -I You will work. Plural. ■< You shall work. 
( They will work. ( They shall work. 



DEFINITION OF THE TENSES. 

47. The present tense indicates present time. 

Examples : — I talk. 

We work. 

48. The present perfect tense usually indicates that 
the action or existence expressed by the verb is fin- 
ished in present time. 

Examples : — I have talked. 

We havs worked. 



94 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

49. The past tense indicates simply past time. 

Examples : — I talked. 

We worked. 

50. The past perfect tense indicates that the action 
or existence expressed by the verb was finished in 
past time. 

Examples : — I had talked. 

We had worked. 

51. The future tense indicates future time. 

Examples: — I shall talk. 

You will talk. 

52. The future perfect tense indicates that the ac- 
tion or existence expressed by the verb ivill be finished 
in future time. 

Examples: — I shall have talked. 

We shall have worked. 

(a.) In this tense shall and ivill are used in the same 
manner as in the simple future. 

SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB TALK. 

Present I talk. 

Present perfect I have talked. 

Past I talked. 

Past perfect I had talked. 

Future I shall talk. 

Future perfect I shall have talked. 

CONJUGATION. 

53. Conjugation is a regular arrangement of the 
verb showing its various modes, tenses, persons, and 
numbers. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 95 



54. CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB TURN. 

INDICATIVE MODE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

1 . I turn When I turn. 

2. You turn When you turn. 

' Q ( 3. He turns When he turns. 

Is: ( 1. We turn When we turn. 
~H -] 2. You turn , When you turn. 

(^ (3. They turn When they turn. 



. f ^ (1. I have turned When I have turned. 

tf .§ 4 2. You have turned When you have turned. 

S r5 3. He has turned When he has turned. 

m $: ( 1. We have turned When we have turned. 

§ I -5 •] 2. You have turned When you have turned. 

* L -! ( 3. They have turned When they have turned. 



(1.1 

■{2. Y 
(3. H 



turned . When I turned. 

You turned When you turned. 

00 / 3. He turned When he turned. 



Ph 1 



1. We turned When we turned. 

2. You turned When you turned. 

3. They turned When they turned. 



1. I had turned When I had turned. 

2. You had turned When you had turned. 

^ I 3. He had turned When he had turned. 



H 

p 



1. We had turned When we had turned. 

| J! -j 2. You had turned When you had turned. 

[^ ( 3. They had turned When they had turned. 



1. I shall turn .When I shall turn. 

2. You will turn When you will turn. 

°- ( 3. He will turn When he will turn. 



1. We shall turn When we shall turn. 

2. You will turn When you will turn. 

3. They will turn When they will turn. 



96 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



INDICATIVE MODE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

o" f &i ( 1- I S ^ ia ^ ^ave turned When I shall have turned. 

g I .§ •< 2. You will have turned When you will have turned. 

g I ^ (3. He will have turned When he will have turned. 

M 

§ I *." ( 1- ^ e shall have turned When we shall have turned. 

g | *§ •< 2. You will have turned When you will have turned. 

g L^ ( <*• They will have turned. . . .When they will have turned. 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

Present Tense — Turn, or turn you. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 

Present Tense — To turn. Present Perfect — To have turned. 

55. The indicative and subjunctive modes have 
each six tenses. The form of the verb is the same 
in both modes. 

66. The verb in every dependent sentence, is in the 
subjunctive mode. The connective ivhen is given in 
the conjugation, but the learner should be required 
to inflect the subjunctive mode with other secondary 
connectives ; as, if, though, ivhile, since, unless, &c, 
and also with a relative pronoun and its antecedent ; 
as — 

I who turn. 
You who turn. 
He who turns. 

57. In the present tenses of this mode is found a 
subjunctive form differing from the indicative -and 
common subjunctive. This form is, however, obso- 
escent. 

Example : — I will go if he return. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. . Mi 

58. The peculiarity of this form is, that there is 
no change in the verb to show its person and num- 
ber. 

59. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 



f * ( I- If 
\-%<2. If 
1^(3. If' 



COMMON FORM. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM. 

If I turn If I turn. 

' you turn If you turn. 

| • °Q ( 3. If he turns If he turn. 

£ ^ f 1. If we turn If we turn. 

^ I ,~ 4 2. If you turn If you turn. 

[ &i ( 3. If they turn If they turn. 



fe . f ^ ( 1. If I have turned If I have turned. 

| I .S 4 2. If you have turned If you have turned. 

Ph J ^ ( 3. If he has turned If he have turned. 

h J 

g ^ T 1. If we have turned If we have turned. 

g | -H •< 2. If you have turned If you have turned. 

* [^ ( 3. If they have turned If they have turned. 



60. The subjunctive form is used in the present 
tenses to indicate doubt and future time. It has, on 
this account, been regarded by some grammarians 
as an elliptical future. 

Example : — If he (shall) return. 

61. In the neuter verb to he, the subjunctive form 
extends through all the tenses. This verb has, there- 
fore, two forms through the entire subjunctive mode, 
one like the indicative and the other without change 
of form to show its person and number. 



98 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



To be. 



To have been. 



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ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



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100 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

63. In the present and past tenses, condition or un- 
certainty is often expressed by the subjunctive form 
without the sec. connective. In such sentences the 
auxiliary of the perfect past tense and the principal 
verb in the simple tenses are placed before the subject. 

Example : — " Were he a coward, he would have trembled." 

This expression is the same as "If he were a cow- 
ard, he would have trembled." 

(a.) SUBJUNC. FORM WITH SUBJUNC. FORM WITHOUT 

THE SEC. CONNECTIVE. THE SEC. CONNECTIVE. 

If I had been Had I been. 

If you had been Had you been. 

If he had been Had he been. 

If we had been Had we been. 

If you had been Had you been. 

If they had been Had they been. 

64. The infinitive mode has two tenses : the pres- 
ent and the present perfect. 

65. The verb of this mode is usually introduced 
by the particle to, and is generally regarded as an 
abstract noun. 

66. A verb in the imperative mode is used only 
in the present tense, and is generally found in the sec- 
ond person. The subject is usually understood : 
when expressed it is commonly placed after the verb 
or the auxiliary do. 

67. A regular verb is one that forms its past 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 101 

tense and perf. participle, by adding d or eel to the 
present. 

Example: — Present — I turn; past — I turned; perf. participle — 

turned. 

68. Irregular verbs are those which do not 
form their past tense and perf. participle by adding 
d or ed to the present. 

Example : — Present — I draw; past — I drew; perf. participle — 
drawn. 

69. The principal parts of a verb are the present 
indicative, the past indicative, and the perf. active or 
neater participle without the auxiliary participle HAV- 
ING. 

70. The principal parts are so called because when 
these are known the verb may be easily conjugated 
through all its modes and tenses by the general rules 
for their formation. 

(a.) Note. — The incorrect use of the tenses of the irregular, is a 
fruitful source of blunders in our language. The perf. participle is 
often used for the past tense. 

Examples: — " I done it." "They seen him :" instead of " I did it.*' 
"They saw him." 

(b.) The past tense is sometimes used instead of the 
perf. participle. 

Example: — "The men had went." 



102 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

71. The principal parts of an irregular verb are 
found by reference to the table which follows. Take, 
for example, the irregular verb draw. By reference 
to the table we find its present is " I draw" its past 
" I drew" its perf. participle drawn. 

From the present, we form the future tense by pre- 
fixing shall or will, and have the three simple ten- 
ses. 

Present I draw. 

Past. I drew. 

Future I shall draw. 

We now proceed to form the compound tenses. 

(b.) The present perfect is formed by prefixing the 
present tense of the verb have, to the perfect active 
participle: thus — I have drawn. 

(c.) The past perfect tense is formed by prefixing 
had, (the past tense of the verb have,) to the same 
participle : thus — I had drawn. 

(d.) The future perfect tense is formed combining 
shall have, (the future tense of have,) to the same par- 
ticiple : thus — I shall have drawn. 

(e.) We can now give a complete synopsis of the 
tenses of the verb draw, 



SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES. 

Present I draw. Present perf. . . I have drawn. 

Past I drew. Past perf. ... .1 had drawn. 

Future I shall draw. Future perf.. . .1 shall have drawn. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 103 

72. Arrangement of the tenses according to their 
order. 

Present I draw. 

Present perfect I have drawn. 

Past I drew. 

Past perfect I bad drawn. 

Future I shall draw. 

Future perfect .1 shall have drawn. 



73. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB ABIDE. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I abide. 

Past indicative I abode. 

Perfect participle Abode. 

Present I abide. 

Present perfect I have abode. 

Past I abode. 

Past perfect I had abode. 

Future I shall abide. 

Future perfect I shall have abode. 

74. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB COME. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I come. 

Past indicative I came. 

Perfect participle Come. 

Present I come. 

Present perfect I have come. 

Past I came. 

Past perfect I had come. 

Future I shall come. 

Future perfect , . .1 shall have come. 



104 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

lb. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB DO. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I do. 

Past indicative I did. 

Perfect participle Done. 

Present I do. 

Present perfect I have done. 

Past I did. 

Past perfect I had done. 

Future .. I shall do. 

Future perfect I shall have done. 

76. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB EAT. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I eat. 

Past indicative I ate. 

Perfect participle Eaten. 

Present I eat. 

Present perfect I have eaten. 

Past I ate. 

Past perfect I had eaten. 

Future I shall eat. 

Future perfect „ I shall have eaten. 

11. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB GIVE. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I give. 

Past indicative I gave- 

Perfect participle Given. 

Present I give. 

Present perfect .1 have given. 

Past I gave. 

Past perfect I had given. 

Future I shall give. 

Future perfect I shall have given. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 105 

78. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB GO. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I go. 

Past indicative I went. 

Perfect participle Gone. 

Present I go. 

Present perfect I have gone. 

Past I went. 

Past perfect I had gone. 

Future I shall go. 

Future perfect I shall have gone. 



79. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB SEE. 

Principal Parts : — Present indicative I see. 

Past indicative I saw. 

Perfect participle Seen. 

Present I see. 

Present perfect I have seen. 

Past I saw. 

Past perfect I had seen. 

Future I shall see. 

Future perfect I shall have seen. 

80. In the following list, the irregular verbs are 
classified according to the similarity of form in the 
past tense and perfect participle. 

81. Verbs of the first class change the vowel of 
their final syllable in the present, into e to form the 
past tense, and add en to the present to form the per- 
fect participle. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Fall fell fallen. 

Befall befell befallen. 



106 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

82. Verbs of the second class terminate their past 
tense in ew, and their perfect participle in wn. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Blow blew blown. 

Tnrow threw thrown. 

Know knew known. 

Grow grew grown. 

Fly flew flown. 

Draw drew drawn. 

83. Verbs of the third class change the vowel or 
diphthong of the present into o or oo to form the past 
tense and perfect participle, and their perfect parti- 
ciples end in en. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Weave wove woven. 

Cleave clove cloven. 

Freeze froze frozen. 

Steal stole stolen. 

Speak spoke spoken. 

Break broke broken. 

Choose chose chosen. 

Beget begot. begotten. 

Tread trod trodden. 

Forget forgot forgotten. 

(a.) Similar verbs having a in the perf. participle. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Shake shook. shaken. 

Take took taken. 

Forsake forsook forsaken. 

84. Verbs of the fourth class change the vowel of 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 10 7 

the present into o to form the past tense and perf. 
participle, the participle ending in n. 



RESENT. 


PAST. 


PERF. PART. 


Swear 


swore 


sworn. 


Bear 


bore 


..... .born. 


Forbear 


forbore 


forborn. 


Tear 


tore 


torn. 


"Wear 


wore 


worn. 



85. Yerbs of the fifth class change i of the present 
into o to form the past tenses, the perf. participle re- 
taining the * and ending in en. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Rise rose risen. 

Arise arose arisen. 

Smite smote smitten. 

Ride rode ridden. 

Stride strode stridden. 

Drive drove driven. 

Thrive throve thriven. 

Strive strove striven. 

Write wrote written. 

86. Yerbs of the sixth class change i of the present 
into a in the past, and u in the perf. participle. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Begin began begun. 

Sing sang sung. 

Spring sprang sprung. 

Ring rang. rung. 

Shrink shrank shrunk. 

Sink sank sunk. 

Drink drank drunk. 

Swim swam swum. 



108 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

87. Verbs of the seventh class change the vowel 
of the present into u to form the past tense and perf. 
participle, which are alike. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Dig dug dug. 

Stick stuck stuck. 

Burst burst burst. 

Stink stunk stunk. 

Slink slunk.... slunk. 

Sling slung slung. 

String strung strung. 

Cling clung clung. 

Fling flung flung. 

Sting „ stung stung. 

Ring rung rung. 

Swing swung swung. 

Spin spun spun. 

Hang n ung, r bung, r. 

88. Verbs of the eighth class have their past tense 
and perf. participles alike, and each of these parts 
contains the diphthong ou or au. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Find found found. 

Bind bound. bound. 

Grind ground ground. 

Wind wound .wound. 

Fight fought fought. 

Buy bought bought. 

Seek sought sought. 

Teach taught taught. 

Catch caught. caught. 

Bring brought . . .brought. 

Beseech besought besought. 

Work wrought, r wrought, r. 

Think thought. thought. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 109 

89. Verbs of the ninth class have their past tenses 
and perf. participles alike, both ending in d. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Bleed bled bled. 

Breed bred bred. 

Lead led led. 

Shed shed.. shed. 

Read read read. 

Shred shred shred. 

Hear heard heard. 

Speed sped sped. 

Flee fled fled. 

Rid rid rid. 

Hold held held. 

Clothe, r clad clad. 

Say said said. 

Pay paid paid. 

Lay laid laid. 

Have had had. 

Sell sold sold. 

Tell told told. 

Spread spread spread 

Stand stood stood. 

Shoe shod shod. 

90. Yerbs of the tenth class have their past ten- 
ses and perf. participles alike, both ending in t. 



PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Bet bet bet. 

Set set set. 

Let let let. 

Meet met met. 



110 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



PRESENT. 

Beat 

Bend bent. . 

Bite bit 

Build, r built.. . 

Bereave, r bereft- 
Cast cast . . 

Cost cost . . 

Creep crept.. 

Sleep slept . 

Weep wept.. 

Sweep. swept , 

Leap, r leapt. . 

Keep kept .. , 

Deal „ dealt. . , 

Feel felt...., 

Dwell dwelt. 

Smell smelt . . 

Dream, r dreamt 

Get got... 

Gild, r gilt 

Gird, r girt . . , 

Hit hit 

Sit sat 

Knit. knit. . . , 

Kneel knelt. . , 

Leave .left. . . , 

Lend lent . . . 

Send sent. . . . 

Rend rent 

Light, r lit. 

Loose lost . . . 

Mean meant. 

Pen pent. . . 

Put put .., 



PAST. PERF. PART. 

beat beat or beaten. 

bent. 

bit or bitten. 

built. 



.bereft. 

. cast. 

.cost. 

.crept. 

. slept. 

.wept. 

. swept. 

.leapt. 

.kept. 

. dealt. 

.felt. 

. dwelt. 

.smelt. 

.dreamt. 

•got 

.gilt. 

.girt. 

.hit 

.sat 

.knit 

.knelt 

.left. 

.lent. 

.sent 

. rent 

.lit 

lost. 

.meant 

pent. 

.put 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. Ill 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Quit quit quit. 

Shut shut shut. 

Slit slit slit. 

Spit spit or spat spit. 

Split split split. 

Sweat sweat sweat. 

Thrust thrust thrust. 

Wet wet wet. 

91. Yerbs of the eleventh class form their past 
tenses regularly and their perf. participles irregu- 
larly. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Grave, r graved graven. 

Shave shaved shaven. 

Hew hewed hewo. 

Lade laded laden. 

Mow mowed mown, r. 

Rive... rived riven. 

Saw sawed sawn, r. 

Shape shaped shapen, r. 

Shear sheared shorn. 

Show showed shown. 

Sow sowed sown. 

Strew. strewed strown. 

Swell swelled swollen, r. 

92. Yerbs of the twelfth class form their past 
tenses irregularly and their perf. participles regularly. 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Crow crew crowed. 

Dare durst dared. 



112 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

93. Defective verbs are those which are not found 
in all the principal parts. They are — 

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 

Ought ought 

quoth 

wist — 

Beware 

May might 

Can could 

should. . , 

would 

Must must 

94. These verbs have no perfect participles and 
consequently no compound tenses. 

(a.) Beware is found only in the imperative and 
infinitive. 

(b.) Quoth, and wist are found only in the indie-' 
ative mode. 

(c.) May and can with their past tenses, and should, 
would, and must, are found in the indicative and the 
subjunctive, and are always followed by the infinitive 
without the particle to. Grammarians have usually 
classed these words, as forming a separate mode of 
the verb. They seem, however, to be entirely an- 
alogous to the verbs bid, dare, let, &c, with the infin- 
itive. Take, for example, the sentence " I can and 
dare oppose the measure : " What grammarian will 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 113 

deny that the infinitive oppose bears the same rela- 
tion to can as to dare? The omission of the po- 
tential mode tends much to simplify the classification 
of the verb. 

UNIPERSONAL YERBS. 

95. Unipersonal verbs are those which are used 
only in the third person and singular number, the in- 
definite pronoun it being the subject. 

96. They are generally indicative of the state of 
the weather. 

Examples : — It rains. 
It snows. 
It lightens. 
It thunders. 
It hails. 

97. Many other verbs are used unipersonally 

Examples : — It becomes us. 
It behooves me 

It seems. 



114 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



CHAPTER VI. 

OF ADJUNCTS. 

1. An adjunct is any word, phrase, or sentence, 
joined to a word to limit or modify it. 

2. Adjuncts are of two kinds, adnominal and ad- 
verbial. 

3. An adjunct which limits a noun or pronoun is 
called an adnominal adjunct. 

4. An adjunct which limits a verb, adjective, parti- 
ciple, or abverbial word, is called an abverbial adjunct 

ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS. 

5. An adnominal adjunct consisting of a single 
word is called an adnominal word. 

6. An adnominal adjunct consisting of a phrase is 
called an adnominal phrase. 

7. An adnominal adjunct consisting of a sentence 
is called an adnominal sentence. 

ADJUNCTS OF THE SUBJECT.— ADNOMINAL WORDS. 

8. The subject may be limited by adnominal words. 

Examples : — Industrious men succeed. 
Peter turning said. 
Seven warriors were slain. 
The house was overthrown. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 115 

9. Frequently several adnominal words modify a 
single subject. 

Examples : — The king's palace was destroyed. 
The good old man replied. 

10. An adnominal word which limits the subject 
may be a noun possessive. 

Examples : — The General 's horse fell under him. 

The people's candidate defeated himself. 
A buffalo's strength lies in his neck. 

(a.) Note. — The possessive form is derived from the old Saxon 
genitive (possessive) whose termination was es or is ; as, Johnes hat. 
To prevent the inconvenience of pronouncing an additional syllable 
the e was dropt and the omission marked by an apostrophe ; thus, 
John's hat. In cases where the word ended in s, the entire termina- 
tion was dropt, and the omission marked by an apostrophe ; thus, 
boys' hat, instead of boyses hat. This is also true when the word 
ends in an s sound ; as conscience' sake. 

The minstrel's music filled the hall. 

(b.) Minstrel's is an. adnominal word — a noun posses- 
sive limiting music. 

Examples : — Freedom's stronghold is among rocks and mountains. 

The emperor's guard consisted of three hundred and 
twenty grenadiers. 

11. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
may be a 'personal pronoun possessive. 

Examples : — His father died. 

Our hopes are blasted. 
My eye is dim. 
Your words are true. 



116 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



12. SYNOPSIS of the personal PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE. 

SING. PLURAL. 

First Person My Our. 

Second Person Tour Your. 

f His Their. 

Third Person. 4 Her Their. 

( Its Their. 



Examples: — Our days are as the grass. 
Tour words are friendly. 
Their trials proved blessings. 
His works remain. 
The tree dies and its leaves fall. 



13. An adnominal word limiting the subject may 
be a noun in apposition, 

14. A noun annexed to another noun to explain 
or characterize it, is said to be in apposition with it. 

Samuel the prophet anointed David. 

(a.) Prophet is an adnominal word — a noun in ap- 
position characterizing Samuel 

Examples : — Pitt, the orator, addressed the people. 

Jonathan, the son of Saul, died with his father. 
Peter, the hermit, preached the first crusade. 

15. Proper names are often adnominal words used 
to limit the subject, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. Ill 

Richard Cromwell defeated the royal forces. 

(a.) Richard is an adnominal word — a proper noun 
limiting Cromwell. 

Examples : — James Stuart succeeded to the crown of England. 
Thomas Paine wrote the " Age of Reason." 
The Tremont House stands in Tre?nont-stveet. 

16. An adnominal word which limits the subject 
may be a common noun. 

Captain Kidd concealed his treasures. 

(a.) Captain is an adnominal word — a common 
noun used to limit Kidd. 

Examples : — Senator Hale opposed the resolution. 
King James abdicated his throne. 
General Bonaparte was beaten at Waterloo. 

17. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
may be an intensive pronoun. 

18. The intensives are formed by prefixing the 
personal pronoun possessive of the first or second per- 
son, or the personal pronoun objective of the third per- 
son, to the word self or selves. 

SING. PLURAL. 

First Person Myself Ourselves. 

Second Person Yourself Yourselves. 

Himself Themselves. 

bird Person. \ Herself Themselves 

.... .Itself. Themselves 



18 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The king himself has followed her. 

(a.) Himself is an adnominal word — an intensive 
pronoun limiting king. 

Examples : — I myself will attend to the affair. 
We ourselves are much to blame. 
You have yourself forfeited all claim to pity. 
The jurymen themselves were stung with remorse. 

19. The subject is sometimes contained in (and 
limited by) one of the double pronouns, mine, thine, 
his, hers, yours, theirs. 

20. These words are compound in office, represent- 
ing both the possessor and the thing possessed. 
Their forms determine the person and number of 
the pronoun possessive, while the number and person 
of the noun possessed, must be determined by refer- 
ring to it, as it will always be expressed in another 
part of the sentence. 

Your pupils are idle, mine are industrious. 

(a.) Mine is a double pronoun representing the 
possessor and the thing possessed. As a pronoun 
possessive limiting the subject, it is first person, 
singular number and stands for my; as subject of 
the sentence, it stands for people, and is a double 
pronoun, third person, plural number. 

Examples: — Thine be the glory; ours the endless bliss. 

My brother has arrived ; yours will be here soon. 
Your friends are many ; mine are few. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 119 

21. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
may be a relative or interrogative pronoun possessive. 

(a.) Note. — Whose is the common possessive of all the relative 
and interrogative pronouns. 

The man whose effort had failed went away disheartened. 

(b.) Whose is an adnominal word — a relative pro- 
noun possessive, limiting effort. 

Whose son are you ? 

(c.) Wwse is an adnominal word — an interroga- 
tive pronoun limiting son. 

Examples : — A mountain whose top was covered with snow, arose 
on our left. 
Whose house was burned ? 
Whose invention was it ? 
Sancho, whose ire was aroused, replied. 
" Oh ! thou Eternal One, whose presence bright 
All space doth occupy." 

22. An adnominal word limiting the subject, may 
be an adjective. 

Strong giants lived in olden time. 

(a.) Strong is an adnominal word, an adjective 
used to limit giants. 

Examples : — Five princes were present. 
This book is yours. 
The man must be mad. 
Great oaks grow there. 



120 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

23. Adjectives are divided into two classes; viz. ? 
qualifying and specifying. 

24. A qualifying adjective limits a noun by ex 
pressing some quality existing in it. 

Examples : — Good men are happy. 
Strong drink is raging. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

25. Comparison is a change of termination or form 
in adjectives, to express different degrees of quality. 

26. Qualifying adjectives have three degrees of 
comparison; the positive, the comparative, and the 
superlative. 

27. The positive degree simply expresses a quality. 

Examples : — Strong giants. 
Good men. 
Mighty heroes. 

28. The comparative degree implies a comparison 
between two objects, and expresses a quality in a 
degree higher than the positive. 

Examples : — Stronger giants. 
Better men. 
Mightier heroes. 

29. The superlative degree implies a comparison 
between three or more objects, and expresses quality 
in the highest degree. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. . 121 

Examines : — Strongest giants. 
Best men. 
Mightiest heroes. 

30. The positive degree is the simplest form of 
the word. 

31. The comparative degree of monosyllables is 
regularly formed by adding r or er to the positive. 

82. The superlative degree of monosyllables is 
regularly formed by annexing st and est to the posi- 
tive. 

33. Dissyllables ending in ly preceded by a con- 
sonant, form their comparatives and superlatives by 
changing y into i, and adding er and est. 

Example : — Lovely, lovelier, loveliest. 

34. Dissyllables ending in le are compared by 
adding r for the comparative, and st for the superla- 
tive degree. 

Example : — Noble, nobler, noblest. 

35. Dissyllables whose terminations readily co- 
alesce, form their comparatives and superlatives by 
adding r or er and st or est. 

36. All other qualifying adjectives are compared 
by placing before them the adverb more for the 
comparative, and most for the superlative. 

Example : — Beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. 



122 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

37. A slight degree of comparison is expressed 
by the termination ish. 

Example : — Blackish, bluish. 

38. Degrees of diminution are expressed by the 
adverbs less and least. 

Example : — Ignorant, less ignorant, least ignorant. 

Examples of Adjectives : — 
Tall trees grow. 

A beautiful morning dawned upon us. 
Nobler men never lived. 
The tallest man in the regiment was Arthur. 
The most powerful influence was now at work. 
A more impudent scoundrel never lived. 

39. Many adjectives expressing a quality which 
is invariable are not compared. 

Example : — Perfect, straight, round, square. 

40. A specifying adjective merely points out or 
specifies the noun which it limits. 

Examples : — The house. 
Six horses. 

41. All numeral adjectives are included in this 
class. 

42. Many specifying adjectives have a plural 
form, and agree in number with the nouns they 
limit. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 123 

Singular. Plural. 

This these. 

That those. 

(a.) Note. — Many of the specifying adjectives are used as adjec- 
tive pronouns. 

Examples: — This is excellent and warms the heart. 
That is improbable. 

43. An adnominal word limiting the subject may 
be & participle : 

44. First; an imperfect participle active, as: — 

Breaking into the low countries, the Highlanders committed great 
depredations. 

(b.) Analysis : — Subj ect — Highlanders ; verb— 
committed; object — depredations; indep. trans, sen 
tence. a 

Adjunct of the subject — breaking — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of breaking — into countries — adv. phrase ; 
connective into — sec. adverb, connective; essential 
element — countries ; adjuncts of countries — the and 
low — adnom. words. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Adjunct of the object — great — adnom. word. 

Examples : — Sailing westward Columbus discovered the islands. 
He fell fighting like a tiger. 
Night descending covered the earth with gloom. 
Walking over the fields, I found much to recall the 
conflict to my mind. 

45. Secondly; an imperfect participle neuter, as : — 



124 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Being lazy, he desired no employment. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb— desired; ob- 
ject — employment; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — being — adnom. word — an 
imperfect neuter participle. 

Complement of being — lazy — adnom. word, and 
farther adjunct of the subject. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Adjunct of the object — no — adnom. word. 

46. The neuter participle, like the neuter verb, is 
followed by some element which is called its com- 
plement. The same word which the participle neuter 
limits, is also limited by this complement. 

Examples : — Being weary, he fell asleep. 

Seeming uncalled for, it attracted no notice. 
Being interested in the subject, he continued his inves- 
tigations. 

47. Thirdly ; a perfect participle active, as : — 

Having killed the guards, the prisoner 



(ai) Analysis : — Subject — prisoner ; verb — es- 
caped; indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject— having hilled — adnom. 
word — a perfect active participle. 

Object of having hilled — guards. 

Adjunct of guards — the — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 125 

Examples : — Having partaken of our hospitality, the strangers de- 
parted. 
"We awoke, having slept soundly all night. 
Having seen the operation, I can speak with certainty. 

48. Fourthly; & perfect participle neuter, as: — 

Having been interrupted, the speaker sat down. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subj cct — speaker ; verb — sat ; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — having been — adnom. word 
— a perfect participle neuter. 

Complement of haying been — interrupted — ad- 
nom. word — an adjunct of the subject. 

Farther adjunct of speaker — the — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the verb — down — adverb, word. 

Examples : — Having been once overreached we were exceedingly 
wary. 
Having become mad, he was confined in the asylum. 

49. Fifthly; & perfect participle passive, as: — 

The king, dressed in royal robes, appeared. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — king; verb — appeared; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther Mjunct of the subject — dressed — adnom. 
word — a perfect participle passive. 

Adjunct of dressed — in robes — adverb, phrase ; 
connective — in — sec. adv. ; essential element — robes. 

Adjunct of robes — royal — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 



] 26 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples : — Mingled with the multitude, were seen several nobles. 
The left wing advanced, supported by the cavalry. 
The patience of the people, tried too often, finally gave 

way. 
Being exhausted by hunger and long marches, the little 

band fell an easy prey to overpowering numbers. 

Note. — The participle neuter and its complement being distinct 
elements, should always be parsed separately. 



ADNOMINAL PHRASES. 

50. The subject may be limited by an adnominal 
phrase. 

51. A phrase consists of a noun or pronoun, or 
some element used substantively, preceded by a secon- 
dary connective. 

52. This element is called the essential element of 
the phrase. 

53. The subject may be limited by an adnominal 
phrase whose essential element is a noun. 

The morals of the crusadees corrupted the heathen. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — morals; verb — corrupt- 
ed; object — heathen; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — ofairusaders — 
adnom. phrase ; connective — of- — sec. adnom. ; essen- 
tial element — crusaders. 

Adjunct of crusadees — the — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

No adjunct of the object. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 127 

Examples : — Brutus' affection for his son could not overcome his 
sense of justice. 
His desire for fame was a ruling passion. 
Our efforts to please have succeeded. 
The life of a madman is a troubled dream. 
The road to town was obstructed. 
His failure in the expedition proved disastrous. 
The beams under the bridge gave way. 

54. The subject may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a pronoun. 

My letter to him will explain my conduct. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — letter; verb — will ex- 
plain; object — conduct; inclep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — my — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — to him — adnom. 
phrase ; connective — to — sec. adnom. ; essential ele- 
ment — him. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Adjunct of the object — my — adnom. word. 

(b.) Note. — The personal pronouns and the relative pronoun who, 
when they become the essential elements of a phrase, take the ob- 
jective form; thus — with me, of thee, by him, for whom, with them, to 
her. 

Examples: — My love for thee was wonderful. 

The search for him was unsuccessful. 
My stay with thee shall be short. 

The embassador's business with them was well known. 
A message from her is on the table. 
The monastery, the road to which was not easily found, 
stood in the grove. 



128 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

55. The subject may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a participle. 

His exertions in wrestling had exhausted him. 

(a.) Analysis : — subject — exertions ; verb — had 
exhausted ; object — him; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — in wrestling — ad- 
nom. phrase — connected by in — sec. adnom. connec- 
tive. 

Essential element of the phrase — wrestling — a par- 
ticiple used nominally (as a noun) — third person 
sing, number. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

No adjunct of the object. 

Examples: — "Weariness from marching bore heavily upon us. 
The delay in bringing provisions was disastrous. 
The possibility of escaping seemed dubious. 
The crime of killing a fellow man finds no parallel. 

(b.) Note. — When the essential element of a phrase is a transitive 
participle it will, like a transitive verb, be followed by an object, 
and the adjuncts of the participle may be either adnominal or ad- 
verbial. 

The necessity for guarding the frontier became daily more apparent. 

(c.) Analysis: — Subject — necessity; verb — he- 
came ; complement — apparent — adnom. word ; indep. 
neuter sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 129 

Farther adjunct of the subject— for guarding — ad- 
nom. phrase. 

Connective of the phrase — -for — sec. adnom. con- 
nective. 

Essential element of phrase — guarding — a transi- 
tive participle used nominally. 

Object of the participle— ^/rontfiier. 

Adjunct of frontier — the — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the complement — more — adnom. word. 

Examples : — The good effect of encouraging art is obvious to all. 
The habit of wasting time clings to us. 



The necessity of being prudent is evident. 

56. Note. — The expression " being prudent," corresponds to the 
predicate of the neuter sentence " he is prudent." The neut. verb is is 
changed to the imp. neut. participle being, and the fact which the 
sentence asserts is here merely 



(a.) Analysis : — Subj ect — -necessity ; verb — is ; 
complement — evident; indep. neut. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — of being — adnom. 
phrase, which is followed by its complement — pru- 
dent. 

Connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential element — - 
being. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

No adjunct of the complement. 



130 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The prospect of being a prisoner discouraged me. 

(b.) Analysis : — Subj ect — prospect ; verb — dis - 
couraged; object — me; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — of being — adnom. 
phrase. 

Connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
being — which is followed b j its complement — prisoner. 

Adjunct of prisoner — a — adnom. word. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

No adjunct of the object. 

Our joy at being released was great. 

(c.) In this case the complement of the imp. neut. 
participle is the perf. pass, participle released. 

The fact of his having been convicted of theft was notorious. 

(d.) Analysis: — Subject— -fact; verb — was ; com- 
plement — notorious ; indep. neut. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — of having been — ad- 
nom. phrase ; connective — of — sec. adnom. ; essential 
element — having been, which has for its complement 
the perf. passive participle convicted. 

Adjunct of having been — his — adnominal word. 

Adjunct of convicted — of theft — adverb, phrase. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

No adjunct of the complement of the verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 131 

Examples: — The habit of being intoxicated had grown upon him. 

The danger of seeming what we are not, is undisputed. 
The possibility of becoming a drunkard ought to warn 
every one who tampers with the cup. 

57. The subject may be limited by an adnom. 
phrase whose essential element is a verb infinitive. 

The desire to drink raged within him. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — desire; verb — raged; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — to drink — adnom. 
phrase, consisting of a verb in the infinitive mode. 

Connective — to — sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
drink. 

Adjunct of the verb — within him — adverb, phrase. 

Examples : — His intention to strangle the prisoners was put in ex- 
ecution. 

A desire to excel spurred him on. 

A determination to succeed in all that he undertook 
characterized him. 

The motives to act uprightly are constantly before us. 

(6.) Note. — The particle to which usually precedes the infinitive 
has no signification of its own, and consequently does not like other 
connectives, show a relation. It has, however, a connecting power f 
and therefore, for the sake of convenience, we have placed it among 
connectives of the secondary class. 



132 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Power to overcome difficulties lies in an invincible will. 

(c.) Analysis : — Subject — power ; verb — lies ; in- 
dep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — to overcome — adnominal 
phrase, consisting of a verb in the infinitive mode. 

Object of to overcome — difficulties. 

Adjunct of the verb — in will — adnom. phrase. 

Connective — in — sec. adverb. : essential element 
— will. 

Adjuncts of toill — an and invincible — adnom. 
words. 

(d.) Note. — When the infinitive, used as essential element of a 
phrase, is transitive, it requires an object. 

Examples : — His effort to effect a reconciliation failed. 

The ability to speak French correctly is not easily ac- 
quired. 

Mis desire to be a Icing was gratified. 

(e.) Analysis : — Subj ect — desire ; verb — ivas ; 
complement — gratified. 

Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom, word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — to be — adnominal 
phrase. 

Connective — to — sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
be — complement of the neuter infinitive — king. 

Adjunct of king — a — adnom. word. 

Examples :— His determination to be foremost in every enterprise 
was manifest. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 133 

ADNOMINAL SENTENCES. 

59. The subject may be limited by a dependent 
adnominal sentence. 

An adjunct which limits a noun, is adnominal. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— adjunct; VEBB— 
is ; COMPLEMENT— adnominal 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — an — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT— which limits 
noun — dep. trans, adnom. sentence ; connective — 
which — sec. adnom. ; subject — which; verb — limits] 
OBJECT — noun. 

Adjunct of object — a — adnominal word. 

No adjunct of the VERB. 

No adjunct of the COMPLEMENT. 

(6.) Note. — In the analysis of this and the following examples, 
the principal parts of the indep. sentence are printed in large cap- 
itals, while the same parts of the dep. sentences are printed in smaller 
type. When, in any part of the analysis, the subject or any principal 
part of either kind of sentence is mentioned, the same type is used. 

A comet which was heretofore unknown, has made its appearance. 

(c) Analysis:— SUBJECT— come*; VEBB— 7ias 
made; OBJECT — appearance; indep. trans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — a — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — which was un- 
known— dep. neut. adnom. sentence; connective — 
which; SUBJECT— which ; VERB — was; COMPLEMENT 

— unknown. 

7 



134 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Adjunct of unknown — heretofore — adverb, word. 

The VERB has no adjuncts, 

Adjunct of the OBJECT— its — adnorninal word. 

(d.) The candidate whom we elected, gained a large majority of 
votes-. 

(e.) Analysis :— SUBJECT — candidate ; VERB 
gained; OBJECT — majority; indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT— tfie— adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — ivhom we elect- 
ed — dep. trans, adnorninal sentence; connective 
— whom — sec. adnom. ; subject — we; verb — elected; 
OBJECT — whom. 

The VERB has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the OBJECT — a and large- — adnom. 
words. 

Farther adjunct of the OBJECT — of votes — adnom. 
phrase. 

Such philosophers as investigated the subject, were satisfied. 

(f.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— philosophers; VERB 
— were ; COMPLEMENT— satisfied. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — such — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — as investigated 
subject — dep. trans, adnom. sentence ; connective — 
as; SUBJECT — as; VEKB — investigated; OBJECT — sub- 
ject. 

Adjunct of the object — the — adnom. word. 

The VERB has no adjuncts. 

The COMPLEMENT has no adjuncts. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 135 

(g.) Note. — After such, same used as an adjective pronoun, and 
many or much limited by as or so, as is a relative pronoun. 

As many as heard, believed. 

(h.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— many; VERB— be- 
lieved; indep. sentence. {Many here is an adjective 
pronoun.) 

Adjunct of many (as an adjective) — as — adverb, 
word. 

Adjunct of many (as a pronoun) — as heard — dep. 
adnom. sen. ; connective — as — sec. adnom. ; sub- 
ject — as ; verb— heard. 

The VERB has no adjuncts. 

Examples : — The power ivhich brings a pin to the ground, holds 

the earth in its orbit. 
The event which I have mentioned, transpired long 

ago. 
The pledge that this sot had made, was soon violated. 
This accession which was heralded as a godsend to the 

army, was the true cause of its defeat. 
As much as I have, I will give to you. 
Such instances of fidelity as J have now to record, are 

few. 

60. The compound relative pronoun includes both 
the antecedent and the relative. 

61. The relative part as a sec. adnom. connective, 
joins a sentence to the antecedent part. 

"What you say, is true. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— what (antecedent); 



136 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

VERB— is; COMPLEMENT — toe; indep. neut. 
sentence. 

Adjunct of tlie SUBJECT — what you say — dep, 
trans, adnom. sentence; CONNECTIVE — what (rela- 
tive) ; subject — you; verb — say ; object — what (rel- 
ative.) 

The VERB and COMPLEMENT have no ad- 
juncts. 

As much plunder as the Indians had stolen, was brought back by 
the whites. 

As noble men as the world ever saw, pledged themselves to the 

cause. 

(6.) Note. — In examples like the above, when as follows a quali- 
fying adjective which is itself preceded by as or so, the ellipsis is 
easily supplied. In the example referred to, we may say, as noble 
men as those are whom the world ever saw, pledged, &c, &c. 

62. The connective than, by ellipsis of an element, 
is sometimes used as a relative and connective of an 
adnominal sentence. 

A larger sum than my father could afford, was expended on my 
education. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— sum; VERB— was; 
COMPLEMENT — expended; indep. neut. sentence. 

Adjuncts of the SUBJECT — a and larger— -adnom. 
words. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT— than my fa- 
ther could afford — dependent adnominal sentence; 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 137 

CONNECTIVE — than ; subject— father ; VERB — could; 

INFINITIVE COMPLEMENT OF THE VERB — afford. 

Adjunct of father — my — adnom. word. 
Object of the infinitive afford — than. 

Examples : — More slaves than were needed, were employed. 

A broader prairie than we had before seen, now 
stretched out before us. 

More than was sufficient for our necessities, was con- 
tributed. 

63. In cases similar to the above, what is equiva- 
lent in office, to that winch. 

(a.) Note. — When the word ever is annexed to what, the analysis 
is the same. 

Examples: — " Whatever is, is right. 

What you did, was wrong. 
What I said, was not understood. 

64. While the relative pronoun is the connective 
of an adnom. sentence, it is also, in many cases, the 
essential element of a phrase which limits some other 
word. 

Fame of which he knew the emptiness, was despised. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— fame; VERB — 
■was ; COMPLEMENT — despised; indep. neut. sen- 
tence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — of which he knew 
emptiness — clep. adnom. sentence; connective — 



138 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

which; SUBJECT — he; VERB — knew; OBJECT — empti- 
ness. 

No adjunct of the subject. 

The verb has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the object — of which — adnom. phrase. 

The YERB has no adjuncts. 

The COMPLEMENT has no adjuncts. 

Socrates, the life of whom proved his uprightness, died by poison. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— Socrates; VERB— 
died; ind. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — life of whom proved 
his uprightness — dep. trans, adnom. sentence; CON- 
NECTIVE — whom ; SUBJECT — life ; VERB— proved ; 
OBJECT — uprightness. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the subject — of whom — adnom. 
phrase ; connective — of— sec, adnom. ; essential 
element — whom. 

No adjunct of the verb. 

Adjunct of the object — his — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the YERB — by poison — adnom. phrase ; 
connective— by — sec. adnom. ; essential element 
— poison. 

(b.) Thus whom not only connects the dep. sen- 
tence to Socrates, but is also the essential element 
of a phrase limiting life. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 139 

The only man that I was acquainted with, tvas absent. 

(c.) In this case, that connects the sentence that I 
was acquainted with to man, and is the essential ele- 
ment of an adverb, phrase connected by with to ac- 
quainted. 

The difficulties under which he labored, were countless. 

(d.) In this sentence, which connects he labored to 
difficulties, and the phrase under which limits labored. 

Much of what he collected, was worthless. 

(e.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — much ; YERB— 
was; COMPLEMENT — worthless; ind. neut sen- 
tence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — of what — adnom. 
phrase; connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential 
element — what (antecedent.) 

Adjunct of — what (antecedent) — what he collected; 
connective— what (relative); subject— he; verb — 
collected ; object — what (relative) ; dep. trans, adnom. 
sentence. 

65. The relative pronoun possessive limits some 
noun as an adnom. word, and connects the sentence 
which it introduces, to its antecedent. 



140 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The man whose life is correct, is respected. 

(a) Analysis :— SUBJECT— man ; YEKB— w ; 
COMPLEMENT— respect; incl. neut. sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of SUBJECT — whose life is cor- 
rect ; CONNECTIVE — whose ; SUBJECT — life ; VERB 
— is; complement — correct; dep. neut. adnom. sen- 
tence. 

Adjunct of subject — ivhose — adnom. word. 

Examples: — The courtier whose opinion was asked, assented. 

The king whose icound at first seemed fatal, recovered. 
A lake whose surface glistened like silver, lay at the 

base of the hill. 
It was a doctrine whose acceptance depended on the 

ignorance of the masses. 



SENTENCES CONNECTED TO THE SUBJECT BY OTHER 
SEC. ADNOM. CONNECTIVES. 

The day when I expected to go, arrived. 

(a.) Analysis :— SUBJECT— day ; YERB— ar- 
rived; incl. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — when I -expect- 
ed to go ; connective — when; subject—/; verb-— 
expected; object — to go; dep. trans, adnom. sen- 
tence. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 141 

" Knowest thou the land where the lemon trees bloom, 
Where the gold orange glows iu the deep thicket's gloom, 
Where a wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, 
And the groves are of laurel, and myrtle, and rose ?" 

(a.) Note. — Here the four adnominal sentences, viz., trees bloom, 
orange glows, wind blows, and groves are, are connected to land by 
the sec. adnom. connective where. An ellipsis of this connective oc- 
curs with the fourth sentence. These sentences qualify the object 
and not the subject of a sentence, and are placed here merely as ex- 
amples of adnom. sentences connected by words which are not rela- 
tive pronouns. 

Examples : — Time was when the earth was without form. 

The reason why he refused my request, did not appear. 
The question how combustion takes place, was dis- 
cussed at length. 
A fear lest he should fall in battle, pursued him. 
The hope that we will be saved, still animated us. 

66. The subject may also be limited by a sentence 
in apposition. 

The acknowledgment that he was wrong, satisfied me. 

(a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — acknowledgment ; 
VERB — satisfied; OBJECT — me: ind. trans, sen- 
tence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT— the— adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT— that he was 
wrong— dep. neut. adnom. sentence; connective — 
that— sec. adnom. ; subject — he; verb— was ; com- 
plement — wrong. 



142 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples : — The belief that the soul is immortal, is almost uni- 
versal. 
A report that the imperial armj had surrendered, 
reached Paris. 

67. The Subject may be limited by an indep. 
sentence in apposition which has no connective. 

The old adage, " Honesty is the best policy," contains truth. 

(b.) Analysis .-—SUBJECT - adage ; VERB— 
contains ; OBJECT — truth; ind. trans, sentence. 

Adjuncts of the SUBJECT — the and old— adnom. 
words. 

Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — Honesty is the 
best policy ; subject — honesty; verb— is; COMPLE- 
ment— policy ; indep. neut. admom. sentence. 

Adjunct of the complement — best— adnom. word. 

Examples : — Pope's sentiment, " A little learning is a dangerous 
thing," is false. 
The question " Is there a Bourbon among us?" has 
excited great interest. 

ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS. 

68. Having briefly considered adjuncts of the sub- 
ject of a sentence, we now. proceed to notice, those 
elements which may limit a verb. 

69. All adjuncts which limit verbs are called ad- 
verbial. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 143 

ADVERBIAL WORDS. 

70. Adverbial words are called adverbs. 

Of adverbial words there are various classes, the 
principal of which are — Adverbs of time, of manner, 
of place, of negation, and affirmation. 

Adverbs of Time : — 

Examples : — He will return soon. 
Repent to day. 
I shall visit him to-morroio. 

Adverbs of Manner : — 

Examples: — The prisoner slept soundly. 
Live soberly. 

"Webster rose calmly to reply. 
The boys write indifferently. 
He blundered egregiously. 
The jury greatly erred. 

Adverbs of Place : — 

Examples : — We shall not always remain here. 
Brave men had perished there. 
I can live anywhere. 
Look yonder. 

Adverbs of Affirmation, Emphasis, and Nega- 
tion : — 

Examples : — He dares not touch a hair of Catiline. 
The witness certainly spoke truth. 
The day of reckoning will surely come. 
The post-boy undoubtedly died of fatigue. 



144 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Note. — It is impossible to present a complete list of adverbial 
words. The foregoing are merely examples of the most common 
ones. 



COMPARISON. 

71. Some adverbs are compared. 
Monosyllables are usually compared by adding er 

for the comparative; and est, for the superlative de- 
gree. 

Example : — Soon, sooner, soonest. 

All others which are compared, prefix more for 
the comparative and most for the superlative. 

Example : — Merrily, more merrily, most merrily. 

ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 

72. The verb may be limited by one or more ad- 
verbial phrases. 

First by a phrase whose essential element is a 
noun. 

Winds moan over the hill. 

(a.) Analysis:— Subject — winds; verb— moan; 
ind. intrans. sentence. 

Subject has .no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the verb — over hill — adverb, phrase. 

Connective— over — sec. adnom. ; essential element 
—hill 

Adjunct of hill — the — adnom. word. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 145 

Examples : — I cudgelled the fellow with a hearty good will. 

We slept under the bridge. 

I hereby protest against your proceedings. 

To their fidelity alone, their oppressor owed the power 
which he now employed for their ruin. 

By the French embassy, this scheme was warmly op- 
posed. 

At that time the king had no design of disbanding his 
army ; on the other hand nothing seemed more im- 
probable. 

During this time the queen remained at her palace. 

The river rose above its banks. 

73. The subject may be limited by a phrase 
whose essential element is a personal pronoun. 

Examples : — The traveler remained with us all day. 
I call to you with all my voice. 
Without you he accomplishes nothing. 
The sheriff sent for them. 
He wrote to her. 

Note. — When personal pronouns are made the essential elements 
of phrases, they commonly take the objective form. 

74. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a relative pronoun. 

The cave in which we lay, sheltered us. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— cave; VERB— shel- 
tered; OBJECT— its ; indep. trans, sentence. 
Adjunct of the SUBJECT— the — aclnom. word. 
Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — in ivhichwe 



146 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

lay ; dep. intrans. sentence. Connective — which; 
SUBJECT — toe ; verb — lay. 

No adjunct of the subject. 

Adjunct of the vekb — in ivhich — adverb, phrase; 
connective — in — sec. adnom. ; essential element 
— which. 

The YERB has no adjuncts. 

The OBJECT has no adjuncts. 

Note. — In this sentence, as in one already noticed, the relative 
pronoun, besides being the connective of an adnom. sentence, is the 
essential element of an adverb, phrase. 

Examples : — The good people with whom he lived, regarded him as 
a strange character. 
The sword with which he had defended himself, was 

wrested from his hand. 
The help that he depended upon, failed. 

(b.) In this sentence, that is the essential element 
of an adverb, phrase connected to depended by upon. 

Such as he agreed with, remained. 

(c.) As is here a relative pronoun connecting the 
sentence he agreed to such. As is also the essential 
element of an adverb, phrase connected to agreed 
by with. 

75. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is the antecedent part of a com- 
pound relative pronoun. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 147 

/ decided it by what I heard. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT — /; VERB — de- 
cided; OBJECT — it; ind. trans, sentence. 

No adjunct of the SUBJECT. 

Adjunct of the VERB — by what — adverb, phrase ; 
connective — by — sec. adverb. ; essential element — 
what (antecedent.) 

Adjunct of what (antecedent) — what I heard; con- 
nective — what (relative); subject — I; verb — 
heard; object — what (relative), dep. trans, adverb, 
sentence. 

No adjunct of the OBJECT. 

Examples : — In what he said, he showed a true spirit. 

You shall lose my friendship for what you have done. 
"We are responsible for what we do. 

Note. — "When what is used as an adjective, it is sometimes a com- 
pound word, and the relative part retains the force of a connective. 

He learned by what information he obtained, that the country was 



{b.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— he; VERB— learn- 
ed; OBJECT — that the country was impassable; ind. 
trans, sentence. 

The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the VERB — by information — adverb, 
phrase. 

Adjunct of information — what — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of information — he obtained. 



148 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Connective — what (relative) ; subject — he; verb 
— obtained; OBJECT — information, limited by what; 
dep. trans, adnom. sentence. 

The OBJECT (of the indep. sentence) is analyzed 
like other neuter sentences. 

Note. — It will be seen that the relative adjective what places the 
noun information in a twofold relation. 

1st. As the essential element of an adverbial phrase, it is limited 
by what {adjective) and connected to learned by by. 

2d. As the object of the verb obtained, it is limited by the adnom. 
sentence he obtained. 



Note. — When the relative pronoun whose has its antecedent sup- 
pressed, the whole sentence which it introduces is the object of the 
verb. 

He did not reveal under whose patronage he had acted. 

(c.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— he; VERB— did re-, 
veal; OBJECT — under whose patronage he had acted; 
ind. trans, sentence. 

The SUBJECT has no adjunct. 

Adjunct of DID REVEAL— not— adverb, word. 

The OBJECT being a sentence we may analyze it. 

Subject — he; verb — had acted; dep. intrans. 
nominal sentence. 

The subject has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the verb — under patronage — abverb. 
phrase. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 149 

Adjunct of patronage — whose — adnominal word. 

76. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 

essential element is an imperfect active participle. 

The outlaw escaped by dropping himself down from a window. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subject — outlaw; verb — escaped ; 
ind. iutrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the— adnom. word. 

Adj unct of the verb — hy dropping — adverb, phrase. 

Connective — hy ; essential element — dropping. 

Object of dropping — himself. 

Adjunct of dropping — down — adverb, word. 

Farther adjunct of dropping* — from window — ad- 
verb, phrase. 

Examines : — By turning in time, the hunter saved his life. 

In so doing, I am conscious of an honorable motive. 
The trustees discharged the teacher for neglecting his 
school. 

77. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a perfect active participle. 

They convicted him of having killed his daughter. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subject — they ; verb — convicted ; 
object- -fom; indep. trans, sentence. 

The subject has no adjunct. 

Adjunct of the verb — of having killed — adverbial 
phrase ; connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential ele- 
ment — having killed — a perf. active participle. 

Object of having killed — daughter. 

Adjunct of daughter — his — adnom. word. 



150 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples: — He was accused of having rohbed the treasury. 
They exiled him for having supported the king. 
We all suspected him of having done the mischief. 

78 The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a neuter participle, which is al- 
ways followed by its complement. 

This complement maybe a perf. passive participle. 

After being harassed by marauders and worn out with fatigue they 
reached home. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — they; verb — reached; 
object — home; indep. trans, sentence. 

The subject has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the verb — after being; connective — 
after; essential element — the imperf. neut. partici- 
ple — being. 

Complement of being — harassed — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of harassed — by marauders — adverbial 
phrase. 

Second complement of being — worn. 

Connective between harassed and worn — and — 
co-ordinate connective. 

Adjunct of worn — by fatigue— adverb, phrase. 

Examples : — The rogue escaped by seeming humbled. 

The plaintiff received remuneration for having been 
wronged. 

79. The complement of the neuter participle used 
as the essential element of a phrase, may be an ad- 
jective. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 151 

Examples : — The boy complained of being sick. 

The client accused the lawyer of having bee^ false 

to his interests. ' 
He suspected me of being favorable to the interests 

of the king. 
My teacher punished me for having been pugnacious. 

80. A noun may be the complement of a neuter 
participle used as the essential element of a phrase. 

Examples : — The people accused him of of having been a thief. 

For being a traitor, the king has deprived me of my 

office. 

81. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element consists of a noun and a participle 
which is the adjunct of the noun. This phrase has 
no connective. 

The sun being risen, we departed. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject— we; verb departed; 
ind. intrans. sentence. 

Subject has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the verb — sun being — adverb, phrase, 
consisting of a noun and participle. 

Complement of being — risen. 

82. In the expression sun being risen ) we have a 
fact assumed which would be asserted in a sentence. 
This element is used to limit the verb, and is equiva- 
lent to the dependent sentence when the sun was risen. 
It is therefore an adverbial element, and we shall 

or convenience classify it with adverbial phrases. 



152 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

This done, he tuned his lyre. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subject — he; verb — tuned; ob- 
ject — lyre; indep. trans, sentence. 
The subject has no adjuncts. 
Adjunct of the verb — this clone — adverb, phrase. 

Examples: — The fire having ceased to rage, we went home. 
The work being finished, we paid the laborers. 
The day being far spent, we pitched our tent. 

83. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
essential element is a noun which has no connective. 

The pedestrian walked five miles an hour. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — pedestrian ; verb — 
walked ; indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnominal word. 

Adjunct of the verb — miles — adverb, phrase with- 
out connective. 

Adjunct of miles— -five — adnom. word. 

Farther adjunct of walked — hour— adverb, phrase 
— without connective. 

Adjunct of hour — AN — adnom. word. 

Note. — It is evident that the relation usually expressed by a con- 
nective, is understood with such nouns as home, way, hour and other 
nouns expressing, time, distance, &c. These nouns are therefore 
frequently essential elements of phrases which have no connectives. 

Examples: — The army marched this way. 

Home ! you idle creatures, get you home. 
The election will be held next week. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 153 

84. Sometimes the phrase itself becomes the 
essential element of a phrase, and is connected to the 
word which it limits by another connective. 



Indeed you would have thought that the church had been consecrated 
to Satan instead of to the Deity. 

(a.) To in this case connects Deity to of and of 
connects to the Deity to stead, and in connects stead 
to consecrated. 

Example : — The mountebanks came from over the sea. 



THE ADVERBIAL SENTENCE. 

85. The verb may be limited by an Adverbial 
Sentence. 

I had not returned when you arrived. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— J; VERB — had 

returned ; indep. intrans. sentence. 

The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the VERB — not — adverbial word. 

Farther adjunct of the VERB — ivhen you arrived; 
connective — when ; SUBJECT — you ; VERB — arriv- 
ed ; dep. intrans. adverb, sentence. 

Examples : — The governor left when the train came in. 
Thieves go about while honest men sleep. 
The mystery shall remain till the sea give up her dead. 



154 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

7" care not with whom you associate. 

(b.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— I; VERB— care; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

The SUBJECT lias no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the VERB — not — adverbial word. 

Farther adjunct of the VERB — with whom you 
associate ; connective — whom ; subject — you ; 
verb — associate ; dep. intrans. adverb, sentence. 

Adjunct of associate — with whom — adverb, phrase; 
connective — with ; essential element — whom. 

(c.) Note. — Whom considered as the essential element of the 
phrase is a responsive pronoun. 

The keepers wondered by what means the convict escaped. 

{d.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— keepers; VERB— 
wondered ; indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT— tfig— adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the VERB — by what means the convict 
escaped; connective — what, (sec. adverb;) sub- 
ject — convict; verb — escaped; dep. intrans. ad- 
verb, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the verb — by means — adverb, phrase ; 
connective — by — sec. adverb ; essential element 
— means. 

Adjunct of means — what— adnominal word. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 155 

They will obtain the prize, if they persevere. 

(e.) If they persevere is a dep. intrans. adverb, sen- 
tence connected by if io will obtain. 

EXAMPLES OF ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 

If the enterprise is successful, its opposers will be silenced. 

Though he slay me, I will trust in him. 

Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. 

I will not strike him, unless he resists me. 

I care not whether you go or stay. 

Take heed lest ye fall. 

They attacked me while I slept. 

" I saw him once before 
As he passed by my door, 
And again 

The pavement stones resound, 
As he totters o'er the ground 
"With his cane." 

Before the day dawned, we were upon our journey. 

After I had thus delivered my sentiments, I experienced great 
relief. 

" Come to the bridal chamber, death ! 
Come to the mother when she feels, 
For the first time, her firstborn's breath ; 
Come when the blessed seals 
That close the pestilence are broke, 
And crowded cities wail its stroke : 
Come in consumption's ghastly form, 
The earthquake shock, the ocean storm: 
Come when the heart beats high and warm, 
With banquet song, and dance and wine; 
And thou art terrible." 



156 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



ADJUNCTS of the OBJECT in a TRANSITIVE SENTENCE. 

86. The object may be limited by any adjunct 
that can modify the subject. (See article on ad- 
juncts of the subject.) 

(a.) The object may be limited by one or more 
adnom. words. 

Examples : — I saw a great, white throne. 

The Mexicans had already built a strong stone fort. 
At this moment we heard a slight rustle in the tall 
grass. 

(b.) The object may be limited by an adnom. 
phrase. 



Examples : — At this place we witnessed a grand trial of strength 
between two Choctaws. 
Hildreth has written a history of the United States. 
Have you read the works of Bacon ? 
No man fully comprehends the philosophy of life. 
Mercury always had an inclination to steal. 

(c.) The object may be limited by an adnominal 
sentence. 

Examples : — We know the man whom yon have described. _ 

The old gentleman soon heard a tittering in the 

crowd, for which he could not account. 
This act redeemed a character which had been black- 
ened by many crimes. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



ADJUNCTS or the COMPLEMENT in a NEUTER SENTENCE. 

87. "When the complement is a noun or pronoun, 
it may be limited by any adjunct that can limit the 
subject : viz., one or more adnom. words, phrases, 
or sentences. 

Examples : — Our "Washington was a glorious hero. 

My uncle was always an overbearing, rude man. 

Take pity on me, sir, I am a man in deep trouble. 

He wore sandals on his feet, and his head-dress was a 
turban of many colors. 

The Bible is a book which all should study. 

He was a statesman who always lifted his voice against 
corruption ; he was a soldier zvho was, at all times, 
ready to do battle against injustice. 

88. When the complement is an adnominal word, 
it may be limited by one or more adverbial words, 
phrases, or sentences. 

Examples : — The enemy are advancing rapidly. 
Yon drunkard is utterly lost. 
I am weary of labor. 
" My father," said she, " will be angry if you interfere? 
The king was disturbed because he had seen a vision. 

8 



1.58 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 

CHAPTEB YII. 

SUBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES. 

1. The noun or pronoun whose action or exis- 
tence is expressed by a verb infinitive, is called the 
subject of the infinitive. 

Examples: — I plunged m and bade him follow. 
He commanded me to desist. 
The ant told the butterfly to go about his business. 

2. The subject of a sentence is often also subject 
of an infinitive which follows the verb. 

Examples : — He promised to undertake the work. 
I wish to know the facts. 
I am to write an exercise. 
We determined to try an experiment. 

3. Frequently the infinitive with its subject,, 
forms the objective element in a transitive sentence. 

Oar friends urged us to pursue the fugitive. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject— -friends; verb — urged ; 
object — us to pursue / indep. trans, sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — our- — adnom. word. 

No adjuncts of the verb. 

(b.) The object is composed of the objective pro- 
noun us and the infinitive to pursue, of which us is 
the subject and fugitives the object, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 159 

Examples : — The astonished savage saw the balloon sail through 
the skies. 
I have seen the smoke rise from a hundred burning 
cities. 

4. The essential element of a phrase is sometimes 
the subject of an infinitive. 

For me to live is Christ. 

(a.) Me, the essential element of the phrase for 
me, is subject of the infinitive to live. 

Example: — It is perhaps -well enough,^?- a man of long experience 
to make the attempt, but for a boy to undertake such 
a work, is simply ridiculous. 

(5.) This use of the infinitive is idiomatic, and 
the phrase with its infinitive is subject of the verb. 

5. The infinitive, hovv r ever, is most frequently 
used to express an action abstractly, in which case, 
it is used as a phrase and has no definite subject. 

The desire to live is innate. 

(a.) Here to live is an adnominal phrase limiting 
desire, and has no subject. 

Examples : — I am willing to serve you. 

It was dangerous to encounter him. 

To climb the precipice was a dangerous experiment. 

(6.) In this case to climb is a nominal phrase, sub- 
ject of the verb ivas, and has itself no definite sub- 
ject. 



160 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

THE SUBJECT OF PARTICIPLES. 

6. The noun or pronoun which is limited by a 
participle, may be called its subject. 

Islands yielding every variety of fruits, dotted the sea. 

(a.) Yielding is a participle limiting islands which 
is its subject. 

7. A noun or pronoun which is subject of a parti- 
ciple, may be subject or object of a sentence or the 
essential element of a phrase. 

Leveling his pistol, the hunter deliberately fired. 

(a.) In this case hunter, the subject of the parti- 



ci 



pie, is also subject of the sentence. 



Examples : — Fighting for the right, he gained a glorious martyr- 
dom. 
Uncas, running at full speed, soon overtook the fright- 
ened maid. 



I left my father weeping. 

(b.) Here father, the subject of weeping, is object of 
the verb left. 

Examples : — They pushed Gilkison, still begging for mercy, to the 
end of the plank. 
He spurned me kneeling at his feet. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 1G1 

The bystanders remained with their heads uncovered. 

(c.) In this case, the essential element of the 
phrase with heads, is the subject of the participle un- 
covered. 

Examples: — The tree grew near the brink of a pit partially filled 
with rubbish. 
They next attempted to toss rne into the sea roaring 
horribly below. 

8. Frequently the participle with its subject, forms 
the objective element in a transitive sentence. 

We heard the storm howling. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — we; verb — heard ; ob- 
ject — storm holding. 

The subject has no adjuncts. 

The verb has no adjuncts. 

The object is composed of the noun storm and the 
participle howling, the subject of which is storm. 

Adjunct of storm — the — adnom. word. 

Examples : — I saw the city burning. 

Did you hear the child crying? 



162 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

OBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND TRANSITIVE 
PARTICIPLES. 

1. A transitive verb in whatever mode, requires 
an element in the objective relation. 

He sought to avoid the consequences. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb — sought; ob- 
ject — to avoid; indep. trans, sentence. 

The subject has no adjunct. 

The verb has no adjunct. 

The object to avoid is itself a transitive verb in- 
finitive, and consequently requires an object. 

Object of the infinitive to avoid — consequences. 

We can outnumber them. 

(b.) Analysis: — Subject — we; verb — can; com- 
plement of can — outnumber — a verb infinitive ; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

The subject has no adjunct 

Object of outnumber — THEM. 

Examples: — The injured man tohom you dare not confront, im- 
plores you to spare his children. 
The poor man desired me to ask that your honor 
would send relief. 



ANALYSIS -OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 163 

\c.) In this example, the sentence that your honor 
would send, &c, is the object of the transitive infini- 
tive ask, and relief is the object of the trans, infini- 
tive send. 



OBJECT OF TRANSITIVE PARTICIPLES. 

2. Transitive participles require an element in the 
objective relation. 

Turning their horses, the troops rode back to the fort, 

(a) Analysis: Subject — troops; verb — rode; in- 
<iep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject, the and turning ad nominal 
words. 

Object of turning — horses. 

Adjunct of horses — their — aclnominal word. 

Adjunct of the verb — back — adverbial word. 

Farther adjunct of the verb — to fort — adverbial 
phrase; connective — to — sec. adverb ; essential ele- 
ment— -fort 

Adjunct of fort — the — adnominal word. 

He arrests Captain George, honest George, \thom we all delight in 

KNOWING. 

'. this sentence in knowing is an adverbial 
phrase — the adjunct of delight, and whom is the ob- 
ject of the active transitive participle knowing. 



164 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Believing what I believe, I cannot sanction this act. 

(c.) Analysis :— SUB JECT— I ; YERB — can ; 
complement of can — sanction ; indep. intrans. sen- 
tence. 

Adjunct of the SUBJECT — believing — adnominal 
word. 

Object of believing — what (antecedent.) 

Adjunct of what (antecedent) — what I believe: 
subject — I ; verb — believe ; object — what (rela- 
tive ;) dep. trans, adnom. sentence. The connective 
of this sentence is what (relative.) 

Adjunct of the VERB — not — adverbial word. 

Object of sanction — act. 

Adjunct of act — this — adnominal word. 

(d.) Note. — The object of a participle, like the object of a verb, 
may be a luord, phrase, or sentence. 

Examples: — Promising us another visit, our friends departed. 
Promising to visit us again, our friends departed. 
Promising that they would visit us agaix, our 
friends departed. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 165 



CHAPTER IX. 

GENERAL LIMITATION OF WORDS. 

(1.) A noun or pronoun, in whatever relation it 
stands to other words in the sentence, may usually 
be limited by an adnominal word, an adnominal 
phrase, or an adnominal sentence. 

Note. — The noun and pronoun possessive are not often limited by 
an adnominal phrase or sentence. 

ADNOMINAL WORDS. 

2. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by a noun in apposition. 

We sent letters by Peter, the post-boy. 

(a.) Analysis: — Subject — toe; verb — sent; ob- 
ject — letters ; indep. trans, sentence. 

The subject has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the verb — by Peter — adverbial phrase. 

Adjunct of Peter — post-boy — adnominal word — a 
compound noun in apposition. 

Adjunct of post-boy — the — adnominal word. 

Examples: — Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? 

I, James, who saw the deed, ean testify. 
The lion, grim monarch of the forest, roams in these 
wilds unmolested. 



166 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

3. Common nouns in any relation, may be limit- 
ed by proper names. 

(a.) Note. — Nouns here called common are frequently common 
only in respect to the limiting proper noun. In fact the distinction 
of common and proper nouns is seldom absolute. 

Robert Fulton first tried navigation by steam. 

(a.) The proper name Robert here limits the more 
common noun Fulton 

Examples : — Franklin Pierce was elected president. 

We are all acquainted with the Arnold treachery. 
Lately we hear less of the Bourbon question. 

4 A proper noun in any relation, is sometimes 
limited by a common noun. 

Examples: — An old soldier was seen weeping at the grave of 
General Jackson. 
"Who does not love the memory of the brave Count 
Pulaski ? 

5. A noun in any relation may be limited by a 
noun or pronoun possessive. 

Examples : — The valorous Don's safety lay in his light-footedness. 
The monster stole away my children. 
The company were soon in sight of the Indians' huts. 
Let every freeman's deepest interest be in his coun- 
try's good. 
We have at last discovered your motive. 

6. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by an intensive pronoun. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 167 

Examples: — The sheriff at last found the old rogue himself hidden 
in the wood. 
In his impious boldness, he laid violent hands on the 

shrine itself. 
You yourself condemn me. 

7. A noun in any relation, may be contained in, 
and limited by, one of the double pronouns, mine, 
thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs. 

He forgot his hatchet and tried to borrow mine. 

(a.) The word mine is a double pronoun, contain- 
ing the force of my hatchet. 

Examples: — I have lost my pen, will you lend me yours ? 

The hut stood on the limit of Rolfe's plantation, wliich, 

you know, joined mine. 
I have no confidence in my own discretion, but I can 
trust in yours. 

8. A noun in any relation may be limited by the 
relative pronoun possessive. 

(a.) Note. — Whose is the common possessive of all the relative 
pronouns. 

This is he whose story you have often heard. 

(b.) Whose is a relative pronoun possessive and as 
an adnominal word limits story. 

Examples: — The benefactor through whose influence you gained 
wealth, is a beggar at your door. 
Macdonald was a brawling fellow whose character 
every one despised. 



108 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

9. Any noun, whatever be its relation, may be 
limited by an adjective. 

Examples: — He was a hardy laborer. 

The tower stood near the top of a steep hill. 
Your house is stronger than mine. 
My lord also had this bad habit. 

10. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by an imperfect trans, or intrans. participle. 

I left him having like a madman. 

(a.) Raving is an adnominal word — an intransi- 
tive imperfect participle, limiting him. 

Examples : — I saw my son burning to avenge my wrongs. 

I managed to come within gunshot of the serpent 

sleeping in stupid security. 
What is the name of yonder horseman riding at such 

a furious pace ? 

11. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by a perfect trans, or intrans. participle. 

TJie child having inherited nothing, was wholly dependent on my 
father's bounty. 

(a.) Having inherited is here an adnominal word 
limiting child. Having inherited is a perf. trans, 
participle. 

12. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by an imperfect or perfect neuter participle 
followed by its complement. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 169 

This building being made of ivood they quickly destroyed. 

(a.) In this example, being is an imperfect neuter 
participle limiting building. It is followed by its 
complement made, which also limits building. 

Examples: — The experiment having been tried once before, we 

easily performed. 
In this crazy craft, having been abandoned for years 

as unseaworthy, we at last set sail. 
Upon me, be'mg already fa hit and weary, they placed 

a heavy load. 

13. A nonn or pronoun in any relation, may be 
limited by a perfect passive participle. 

Examples : — The 3d regiment, dressed in full uniform, was on drill. 
The captain, astonished at such impudence, replied — 

14. General Examples in Adnominal Words: — 

We heard the footfall of Bigfoot, our old enemy. 

Benedict Arnold betrayed his country. 

Commodore Perry gained a great victory. 

The blacksmith's strength is in his arm. 

My life is dear to me. 

By the judge himself was the theft committed. 

My wife, whose disposition was not the sweetest, next beset me. 

He buried his treasures under a dwarf oak. 

I heard him stamping and cursing awfully. 

ADNOMINAL PHRASES. 

15. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
limited by an adnominal phrase, whose essential 
element is a noun or pronoun. 



1 70 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Examples : — We contend for liberty of the press. 

Truly this knight had a heart of stone. 

He of the green armor thus replied. 

My father gave me a choice of the professions. 

This city has gates of pearl and streets of gold. 
" I saw the curl of his waving lash, 

And the glance of his knowing eye." 

The man, the son of whom I knew, died in Mexico. 

He sought fame, of which he knew the emptiness. 

Next was a cage of iron, which held a crowd of mon- 
keys. 

A mountain, the top of which the clouds hid, rose on 
our left. 

Here is the plain that I rode over. 

(a ) The phrase over that limits plain. 

16. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
limited by an adnominal phrase, whose essential 
element is a perfect or imperfect participle, trans, or 
intransitive. 

Examples: — I will give you a form for writing a note. 

He had the rare habit of steadily pursuing one train 
of thought at a time. 

He was arrested on suspicion of having stolen the 
money. 

The soldier received forty lashes, as a punishment for 
having violated orders. 

These circumstances seem to have called into requisi- 
tion all your tact in lying, and shrewdness in cheat- 
ing. 

17. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
limited by an adnominal phrase, whose essential 



ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. ill 

element is a neuter participle, perfect or imperfect, 
followed by its complement. 

Icon/ess I had no hope of being released. 

(a.) Of being is here the phrase limiting hope — 
being is the essential element, and is followed by its 
complement released. 

Examples : — : The fact of having been free once, made my chains 

more galling. 
These runaways well knew the consequences of being 

caught. 
All this was the result of having been inactive so long. 
I was in despair at the certainty of being a prisoner 

for life. 

18. A noun, in any relation, may be limited by 
an adnominal phrase whose essential element is a 
verb infinitive. 

Examples : — My friend always showed a determination to excel. 
We are surrounded by incentives to labor. 

19. When the essential element of a phrase is a 
trans, verb infinitive, it requires an object ; when it is 
a neut. infinitive, it always requires its complement. 

Examples : — He succeeded in his effort to procure a cessation of 

hostilities. 
The Englishman also gave a promise to reward us. 
Your desire to be foremost renders you disagreeable. 
The soldier was shot on account of a threat to desert 

the army. 
If you give a pledge to be a peaceable man, you shall 

not be disturbed. 



1*?2 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

20. A noun or pronoun may sometimes be limit- 
ed by a phrase in apposition. 

Examples : — Then all my brother's labors ; to draw the water, to 
cut the wood, and many other things, fell to me. 
"This was earth's liberty, its nature this 
Each man to make all subject to his will." 



ADNOMINAL SENTENCES. 

21. A noun may be limited by a sentence in ap- 
position. 

The poor man was impressed with a belief, that the image of his 

FATHER STOOD BESIDE HIM. 

(a.) The sentence that father stood, is in apposition 
with belief and consequently limits it. 

Examples: — "This fool holdetb the opinion, that the earth is round, 
and that it traveleth yearly around the sun." 

He died happy in the certainty that death is not an 
eternal sleep. 

The sentiment of Pope, " A little learning is a danger- 
ous thing," contains a dangerous fallacy. 

22. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
limited by an adnominal sentence whose connective 
is a relative pronoun. 

The party discovered a river which empties into the gulf. 

(a.) The sentence which empties into the gulf limits 
river. 



ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 173 

Examples : — There is a hope which no adversity can destroy. 

Hear the voice of him who speaks to you. 

The world knows the motive which you have attempt- 
ed to conceal. 

I myself attempted to teach this boy whom the mas- 
ter had given up. 

William was proud to stand near him who had always 
been his friend. 

I have slain such as you are. 

He chose from our company as many as he wanted. 

Greater commotion than I had ever seen now com- 
menced. (See articles on as and than in adnominal 
sentences qualifying the subject.) 

We obtained more food than we wanted. 

Thomas saiv what I described. 

(b.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— Thomas; VERB— 
saw ; OBJECT — what (antecedent) indep. transitive 
sentence. 

No adjunct of the SUBJECT. 

No adjunct of the VERB. 

Adjunct of the object — what (relative) I described ; 
CONNECTIVE — what, (relative;) SUBJECT — /; VEKB — 
described; object — ivliat, (relative,) dep, transitive 
sentence. 

Examples : — I saw in the distance what seemed to be a raft. 

The traveler stood beside what was once a great city. 
In this way Simon obtained whatever he coveted. 

23. A noun or pronoun may be limited by an 
adnominal sentence, whose connective is a relative 
pronoun, which is also the essential element of a 
phrase limiting another word. 



174 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

He played a trick for which I was prepared. 

(a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— he; YERB— p%- 
ed ; OBJECT — trick; indep. trans, sentence. 

The SUBJECT and YERB have no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the OBJECT— -for which I zuas pre- 
pared; CONNECTIVE — which: SUBJECT — // VERB — 

was; COMPLEMENT— prepared; dep. neuter adnom. 
sentence. 

The subject and verb have no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the complement— -for ivhich — adverb, 
phrase. 

Examples: — The murderers rushed into the house in which my 
father lived. 
It is your promise in which I trust. 
The tinker always carried a tin flask, of which I did 

not then know the use. 
A part of what was found, was valuable. 

24. A noun or pronoun may be limited by an 
adnom. sentence, whose connective is a relative pro- 
noun possessive, which is the adjunct of another 
word. 

I felt a compassion for the peasant whose mule I had taken. 

(a.) Analysis: — SUBJECT—/; YEBB—felt: 
OBJECT — compassion ; indep. trans, sentence. 

The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the YERB — for peasant — adverbial 
phrase. 



ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 1*75 

Adjunct of the OBJECT — a — adnominal word. 

Farther adjunct of peasant — whose mule I had taken 
— connective — ichose ; subject — I ; verb had ta- 
ken ; object — mule; dep. trans, aclnom. sentence. 

Subject and verb have no adjuncts. 

Adjunct of the object — whose — adnominal word. 

Examples: — He was a man whose highest ambition was to please 
his palate. 
The miners discovered a vein, whose richness exceed- 
ed their highest expectations. 

25. A noun, in many relations, may be limited 
by an adnominal sentence whose connective is not a 
relative pronoun. 

Examples : — No one knows the pay when he rmtst die. 

Show me the place where the battle was fought. 

I will tell you the reason why you are disappointed. 

ADVERBIAL WORDS. 

26. Any verb, participle, adjective, or adverb, 
may be limited, by one or more adverbial words. 

Examples: — Great masses move slowly. 

I overtook him sauntering lazily along. 

The traveler's eye next falls upon a chasm, broad and 

very deep. 
Tell the advance guard to push forward more rapidly. 
He only insisted upon it the more strongly. 



176 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 

27. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limit- 
ed by one or more adverbial phrases. 

28. A verb, participle, adjective, or adverb, may 
be limited by an adverbial phrase, whose essential 
element is a noun or pronoun. 

Examples : — The hermit dwells in the wood. 

My friend was sitting near a rod: 

This medicine is good for colds. 

The beauteous landscape was made for me as well as 

for the proud man who calls it his. 
Three men passed me, going in great haste. 
A gentleman was waiting for me. 
I believe I was always kind to her. 
I forget the name of the village at which we stopped. 
My neighbors, with whom I had talked before on the 

subject, were of my opinion. 
As many as he conversed with he deceived. 

(a.) As is a relative pronoun in this example, and 
is the essential element of an adverbial phrase con- 
nected to conversed by with. 

The weapon that I fought him with was an ax. 

(b.) Here that, besides being the connective of an 
adnominal sentence, is the essential element of an 
adverbial phrase, the adjunct of fought, and con- 
nected to it by with — sec. adverb, connective. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 177 

Examfles : — The invalid with whom he "was traveling was a de» 

cided wag. 
The animal, in pursuit of whom he had forgotten food 

and rest, was yet out of reach. 
The capital that Astor began trading with was small, 
The boy begged for what he wanted. 

(c.) Analysis :— SUBJECT— boy; VERB— beg- 
ged; indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the YERB—for what (antecedent) ; 
adverbial phrase ; connective — for — sec. adverb ; 
essential element — what, (antecedent) 

Adjunct of what, (antecedent,) — what he wanted; 
connective — luhat, (relative;) subject — he; vekb 
— wanted; object — what (relative ;) dep. transitive 
adverbial sentence. 

Examples : — He was railing about what he knew nothing. 

The captain was always ready with what he had. 
The commodore determined to resist vMh what force 

he could muster. 
The dying miser was clutching his gold with what 

strength remained. 
The thief refused to tell from whose pocket he had 

stolen the money. 
For whose death are you mourning ? 
Peter was glad when his brother, for whose money he 

had waited long, died. 

29. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limit- 
ed by an adverbial phrase whose essential element 
is a perfect or imperf. participle, trans, or intrans. 



178 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



Examples: — By leaping the ditch the chieftain gained a safe place, 
Harry hastened his death by taking medicine. 
The soldier was punished for deserting. 
I am weary of toiling. 
The old fellow was wearying us by telling a long 

story of wo. 
A pen is useful for writing. 
He was hanged for having slain his brother. 
After having bound, me, my master flogged me. 
He turned his attention to gambling. 
The countryman was complaining of having lost his 

money. 
The poor boy was sorry for having left his parents. 

30. A verb, adjective, or participle, may be limit- 
ed by an adverb, phrase whose essential element is 
a neuter participle followed by its complement. 

Examples v — The gambler himself complained of having been 
cheated. 
He was angry at having been deceived. 
The house was suspected of being haunted. 
The holy man rejoiced in being a martyr. 
He was sick of being a slave. 
We were determined on being free. 

31. A verb, adjective, or participle, may be lim- 
ited by an adverbial plirase whose essential element 
is a verb infinitive. 

Examples : — The victim of this cruelty longed to die. 

His clansmen were determined to avenge his death. 
The workmen are eager to begin. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 17 9 

32. When the essential element is a transitive 
verb infinitive, it takes an object; when it is a 
neuter infinitive it always requires its complement. 

Examples: — I will order him to leave the ground. 

He was commanded to take the fort. 

We were not sorry to leave this pest behind. 

The way is said to be difficult. 

The cave was supposed to have been a resort for rob- 
bers. 

She was ready to he a martyr for the cause of truth. 

Webster was reported to have been opposed to the 
bill. 

33. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limit- 
ed by a phrase without a connective whose essential 
element is a noun and participle. 

Our errand being finished, we left her. 

(a.) Errand being is an abverbial phrase without a 
connective limiting left. Finished is the complement 
of being. If we analyze this phrase more closely we 
shall find that errand, is the subject of the assumed 
predicate being finished, and, since a participle always 
limits its subject, being and finished are adnominal 
words limiting errand, while the phrase taken as a 
unit limits the verb left This construction has other 
forms. 

Examples : — " By its own hand it fell, part slaying part." 
Our visitors having departed, we were alone. 
His knapsack having been packed, he was ready for a 
inarch. 



180 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

34. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be lim- 
ited by an adverbial' phrase, without a connective 
whose essential element is a noun. 

Examples : — The siege lasted a year. 

He was fasting forty days. 
The stars were bright all night. 
The horse ran a mile. 

35. Some interjections are limited by adverbial 
phrases. 

Example : — Alas for poor human nature. 



ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 

36. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be lim- 
ited by one or more adverbial sentences. 

Examples : — This glutton always slept token he was not eating. 
He was never sick while he was a sailor. 
Albert was gone when the roll was called. 
Toiling, for I had never learned to be idle, I spent my 

time contentedly. 
It is well known for whom you are searching. 
The teacher explained, by what process the result was 



His father was angry, because he had told a lie. 

37. Several words, used as secondary connectives 
have also some force as adjectives; as adjectives 
they are sometimes limited by adverbial adjuncts. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 181 

Your son appeal's somewhat like you. 

(a.) Analysis : — Subject — son ; * verb — appears ; 
indep. intrans. sentence. 

Adjunct of the subject — your — adnom. word. 

Adjunct of the verb — like you — adverb, phrase. 

Adjunct of like, (in its adjectival force,) — somewhat 
— adverb, word. 

Examples : — The house stood very near the hill. 
The knife is well worth a dollar. 

9 



182 ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 



CHAPTER X. 

INDEPENDENT WORDS. 

1. Words having no grammatical relation to other 
words in the sentence are called independent words. 

2. The name of a person or thing addressed is an 
independent word. 

James, attend to your studies. 

(a ) James is an independent word — the name of 
a person addressed. 

Examples : — John, come here. 

Samuel, stand still. 

Earth, thou art a hill to me. 

3. Note. — In many cases the noun independent by address has 
merely the force of an interjection. If I see my friend, with whose 
name I am perfectly familiar, standing in a perilous place, my 
first movement is to arrest his attention. This I do by calling his 
name, " Peter !" His attention being thus secured, I continue, 
" come away." Now, if in my excitement I have forgotten his name, 
I say, " Halloo!" for the same purpose, and then give him the same 
command. No one will deny that halloo is an interjection gram- 
matically independent of the sentence in which it is found. Does 
the office that the noun James performs in the first expression differ 
from that of halloo in the second? They are both independent 
words, used to arrest attention, and both are substitutes for a sup- 
pressed sentence. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 183 

4. Nouns are frequently made independent by 
exclamation. 

Examples :— Ah, the misery of suspense ! 

Oh, the desolation of bereavement ! 

A horse /_ a horse ! My kingdom for a horse ! 

Life ! life ! Only let me live. 
" Our fathers, where are they ?" 
" Remorseless Time — 

Fierce spirit of the glass and scythe — what power 

Can stay him in his silent course, or melt 

His iron heart to pity." 

5. Interjections are independent words. 

Examples : — Oh, how I loved that gracious boy ! 
Hush ! did you hear a footstep ? 
"Ho ! cowards, have ye left me 
To meet him here alone ?" 

6. Note. — Interjections, as well as nouns independent, must be 
regarded as substitutes for independent sentences. Alas that thou 
shouldst die, is equivalent (grammatically) to It is sad that thou, 
(fee. Thus, frequently we find the interjection limited precisely as 
though the sentence, instead of the substituted word, were written. 
In fact, many of them being intransitive verbs in the imperative 
mode are complete sentences in themselves, or at most require but 
the expression of a subject. 

Examples: — Ho! look! hush! hist! avaunt! away! farewell! 

7. Many interjections are transitive imperatives. 

Examples : — Hold ! lo ! see ! behold ! &c. 



184 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

8. Many interjections are adjectives, which in the 
full construction, are complements of neuter verbs. 

(a.) Examples :— Welcome ! = (You are welcome,) strange ! = (It 
is strange,) &c, <fcc. 

But from whatever words they are derived, they 
are mere substitutes for sentences, which it is usual- 
ly easy to state. 

Many interjections are followed by a nominal 
sentence. 

" Ok THAT I "WERE INNOCENT AGAIN." 

(a.) This sentence is equivalent to I WISH that I 
were, &c. 

Examples : — Alas ! my noble boy, that thou shouldst die." 
" Oh that I were as in months past." 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 185 



EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 



EXAMPLES OF TRANSITIVE SENTENCES. 
Page 25, No. 20. 

11 The Scottish, clans in headlong sway, 
Had swept the scarlet ranks away." — Scott. 

11 Events now shaped themselves." — Bancroft 

"His followers repeated his new title with affec- 
tionate delight." — Macaulay. 

" He professed in vehement terms his remorse for 
his treason." — Ibid. 

EXAMPLES OF INTRANSITIVE SENTENCES. 
Page 25, No. 21. 

"His heart sank within him." — Macaulay. 

" Proctor and his suite escaped by timely flight to 
Ancaster, at the head of Lake Ontario." — Hildreth. 

" Here unmolested through whatever sign 
The sun proceeds, I wander." — Cowper. 

" High on a throne of royal state Satan exalted sat." 



186 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



EXAMPLES OF NEUTER SENTENCES. 
Page 25, No. 22. 

"Your graves are dug amid the dismal clouds." 

Pollok. 
" Black was her garb, her rigid rule 

Eeformed on Benedictine rule." — Scott 

"Her face was pale and thin — her figure too 
Was changed." — Wordsworth. 

"My sword is thine."— Baillie. 

"He was a tender husband, an affectionate par- 
ent." — Bancroft. 

"Those Yirginians are men; they are noble 
spirits." 



FEXAMPLES OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT SEN- 
TENCES. 

Page 26, Nos. 23, 24. 

" Give me the line that plows its stable course 
Like a proud swan."— Cowper. 
"In every county there were elderly gentlemen 
who had seen service which was no child's play." — 
Macaulay. 
• " A third had defended his house till Fairfax.had 
blown in the door with a petard." — Ibid. 
" In days of old when Arthur filled the throne, 
- Whose acts and fame to foreign lands were blown, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 187 

The king of elves and little fairy queen 
Gambol'd on heaths, and danced on every green; 
And when the jolly troop had left the round, 
The grass unbidden rose."— JDryden. ' 
"Now, while I taste the sweetness of the shade, 
While nature lies around in deep-lulled noon, 
Now come, bold Fancy, spread a daring flight, 
And view the wonders of the torrid zone." 

Thomson. 
"But all in vain : for as the distant hill, 
Which, on the right or left, the traveler's eye 
Bounds, seems advancing as he walks, and oft 
He looks, and looks, and thinks to pass, but still 
It forward moves, and mocks his baffled sight, 
Till night descends and wraps the scene in gloom, 
So did this moral height the vision mock;" 

Polhk 
" When the doors were thrown open, and Conway 
went forth, there was an involuntary burst of grati- 
tude from the grave multitude, which beset the 
avenues; they stopped him; they gathered round 
him as children round a parent, as captives round a 
deliverer." — Bancroft 



Page 26, Nos. 25, 26. 

" His reply was, he had come to conquer or die." 
-Irving. 
"lam of the family of Zobier, who are fools in 



188 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

the full of the moon, and if you look at the heavens 
you will see that this is my day." — Irving. 

" This was Saturday night, and on Monday he 
foretold to his servants that l by eight of the clock 
next morning they should lose their master.'" 

" The beautiful part of this island, whom I am 
proud to number amongst the most candid of my 
readers, will do well to reflect that our dispute at 
present concerns our civil as well as religious rights." — 
Addison. 

" That critical discernment is not sufficient to 
make men poets, is generally allowed. Why it 
should keep them from becoming poets, is not per- 
haps equally evident." — Macaulay. 

Page 27, No. 21. 

"The goldfinch, who, to shun the scalding heat, 
Had changed the medlar for a safer seat 
Now perched upon the lady of the flower." 

Dryden. 

" There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top 
Belched fire and rolling smoke." — Milton. 

"Great day! for which all other days were made, 
For which earth rose from chaos, man from earth." 

Young. 

" It passed o'er the battle-field where sword, 
And spear, and shield, flashed in the light 
Of midday." — Prentice. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 189 

Page 27, No. 28. 

"And, while the garrison were meeting them 
resolutely on that quarter, the detachment on the 
neighboring heights poured into the place a well- 
directed fire." — Prescott. 

"As long as the Coliseum stands, Eome shall 
stand; when the Coliseum, falls, Eome will fall; 
when Eome falls, the world will fall." 

"But, if he joins the opposition, all his associates 
will expect that he will promote them." — Moxaulay. 

" Herodotus wrote as it was natural that he should 
write." — Idem. 

"While this work of butchery was going on, num- 
bers were observed pushing off in the barks that 
lined the shore, and making the best of their way 
across the lake." — Prescott. 



EXERCISES IN CONNECTIVES. 
Page 27, No. 31. 

" The wigwams and hovels were replaced by well- 
built houses." — Bancroft. 

Page 28, No. 32. 

"• Our God hath raised the slave, 



And mocked the counsel of the wise and the valor 

of the brave." — Macaulay. 
"Essex had neither the virtues nor the vices 
which enable men to retain greatness long." — Idem. 



190 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

.Page 28, No. 33. 

"He well saw and well stated the immateriality 
of thought." — Hallam. 

Page 28, No. 34. 

" But in the glances of his eye, 
A penetrating, keen, and sly 
Expression found its home." — Scott 

Page 28, No. 35. 

" They fought like brave men, long and well." 

Halleck. 

" Now and then events occurred which disturbed 

the wretched monotony of Frances Burney's life." — 

Macaulay. 

Page 29, No. 36. 

" They at length ceased to hope or to fear any- 
thing from him." — Idem. 



29, No. 37. 

"He was without fear of god or man." 

Page 29, No.. 38. 

" Herminius smote Mamilius 
Through breastplate and through breast." — Idem. 

Page 29, No. 39. 

" That the early Eomans should have had ballad- 
poetry, and, that this poetry should have perished, 
is, therefore, not strange." — Macaulay. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 191 

Page 30, No. 40. 

" There was another, large of understanding, 
Of memory infinite; of judgment deep, 
Who knew all learning and all science knew, 
And all phenomena in heaven and earth, 
Traced to their causes." — Polloh. 

Page 30, No. 41. 

" When on the throne it sat, and round the neck 
Of millions riveted its iron chain, 
And on the shoulders of the people laid 
Burdens unmerciful — it title took 
Of tyranny, oppression, despotism." — Polloh 

Page 30, No. 42. 

" The disinherited knight sprung from his steed, 
and also unsheathed his sword." — Scott, 

"Pope had perhaps wanted the judgment of Dry- 
den, hut Dry den certainly wanted the diligence of 
Pope." — Johnson. 

Page 31, No. 46. 

"Beholdest thou yonder, on the crystal sea, 
Beneath the throne of God an image fair?" 

Polloh 
" Once in the flight of ages past there lived a man." 

Montgomery, 



192 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Page 31, No. 47. 
" Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle 
Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime, 
Where the rage of the vulture, the love of the 

turtle, 
Now melt into sorrow, now madden to crime ? 
Know ye the land of the cedar and vine, 
Where the flowers ever blossom, the beams ever 

shine ; 
Where the light wings of zephyr, oppressed with 

perfume, 
Wax faint in the gardens of Gull in her bloom ; 
Where the citron and olive are fairest of fruit, 
And the voice of the nightingale never is mute ; 
Where the tints of the earth and the hues of the 

sky, 
In color though varied, in beauty may vie, 
And the purple of ocean is deepest in dye ; 
Where the virgins are soft as the roses they twine, 
And all save the spirit of man is divine ?" — Byron. 
"In another apartment I was highly pleased with 
a projector ivho had found a device of ploughing 
the ground with hogs, to save the charges of ploughs, 
cattle, and labor." — Swift. 

Page 32, No. 49. 

"But ^/any man shall, by charging me with the- 
atrical behavior, imply that I utter any sentiments 
but my own, I shall treat him as a calumniator and 
a villain. "—Pitt 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 193 

" "Wondering at my flight ." — Milton. 

"Some tempers wince at every touch;" — Cowjier. 

Page 32, No. 50. 

" While thus by his brilliant exploits and showy 
manners, he captivated the imaginations of his 
countrymen, he won their hearts no less by his 
soldierlike frankness. — Prescott. 

" When we pass from the science of medicine to 
that of legislation, we find the same differences be- 
tween the systems of these two great men." — Ma- 
caulay. 

11 Escaping evermore. 

Yet with so many promises and looks 
Of gentle sort, that he whose arms returned 
Empty a thousand times, still stretched them out, 
And, grasping, brought them back again unfilled." 

Polloh 
Page 32, No. 51. 

" But it is less easy to understand why he should 
have been generally unpopular through the coun- 
try.' ' — Macaulay. 

"¥e wonder that Sir Walter Scott never tried 
his hand on the Duke of Newcastle." — Idem. 

"I must go and tell the king that Cape Breton is 
an island." 

Page 40, No. 25. 

" It was Puteney's business, it seems, to abolish 



194 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

faro and masquerades, to stint the young Duke of 
Marlborough to a pint of brand y a day, and to pre- 
vail on Lady Jane to be content with three lovers 
at a time." — Macaulay. 
" 'Twas pitiful to see the early flower 
Nipped by the frost," — Pollok. 

Page 41, No. 21. 

"It was even said that he had purposely allowed 
Washington to be taken, in hopes of the removal of 
the seat of government." — Hildreth. 

"It had been fondly hoped, when the Federal 
constitution was framed, that the cessation of the 
foreign slave-trade would be gradually followed by 
the extinction of slavery itself." — Hildreth. 

It is clear that a writer, who falls into such mis- 
takes as these is entitled to no confidence whatever." 
— Macaulay. 

Page 42, No. 29. 

" This phenomenon, it seems probable, was caused 
by the eruption of the distant Cotapaxi." — Prescott. 

Page 44, No. 33. 

" My sword and yours are kin." — Shahspeare. 
" Your sword and mine are different in construc- 
tion."— Webster. 

Page 45, No. 38. 

"Myself shall mount the rostrum in his favor. " — 
Addison. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 195 

Page 46, No. 41. 

"But this fastidiousness, which considers certain 
kinds of remuneration disgraceful to men of liberal 
condition did not prevail in those simple ages." — 
Hallam. 

" Every man, who attends to his own ideas, will 
discover order as well as connexion in their succes- 
sion." — Lord Karnes. 

Page 48, No. 53. 

"Appoint to office such men as deserve confi- 
dence." 

Page 48, No. 56. 

" This is what ranks the writer with the master- 
spirits of the age ! This is what has been described 
over and over again, in terms which would require 
some qualification if used respecting Paradise Lost !" 
— Macaulay. 

Page 49, No. 58. 

" I know what qualities you desire in a friend." — 

Webster. 

Page 50, No. 59. 

" Whoever trespasses shall be punished." 

Page 51, No. 61. 

" At once came forth whatever creeps." — Milton. 

Page 51, No. 62. 

" Whatever measure may be adopted, let it be 
with due caution." — Webster. 



196 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Page 52, No. 65. 

" Who hath divided a watercourse for the over- 
flowing of waters, or a way for the lightning of 
thunder?" 

Page 54, No. 74. 

" the brute and rational 



To please him ministered, and vied among 
Themselves, who most should his desires prevent." 

Pollqh. 
Page 57, No. 82. 

" Self-love and reason to one end aspire, 
Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire ; 
But greedy that, its object would devour; 
This taste the honey, and not wound the flower." 

Pope. 

Page 57, No. 83. 

"We are told that when a mere child, he stole 
away from his playfellows to a vault in St. James' 
fields, for the purpose of discovering the cause of a 
singular echo which he had observed there. It is 
certain that, at only twelve, he busied himself with 
very ingenious speculations on the art of legerde- 
main. These are trifles." — Macaulay. 

" To write history respectably — that is, to abbre- 
viate dispatches, and make, extracts from speeches, 
to intersperse in due proportion epithets of praise 
and abhorrence, to draw up antithetical characters 
of great men, setting forth how many contradictory 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



197 



virtues and vices they united ; all this is very easy." 
— Idem. 

"You say that the man is innocent; that, he is 
not." — Webster. 

Page 59, No. 88. (a.) 

" Ye defraud, and that your brethren." — Cor. vi. 

Page 60, No. 90. 

11 Every one has his peculiarities." — Webster. 

Page 61, No. 98. 

"The sons of heaven, archangel, seraph, saint. 
There daily read their own essential worth, 
And as they read, take place among the just, 
Or high or low, each as his value seems." — Polloh. 

Page 61, No. 100. 

"None were found who would venture beyond 
the river." 

Page 62, No. 102. 

" And both of them made a covenant." — Genesis. 

Page 62, No. 103. 

"Lepidus flatters both, 
Of both is nattered ; but he neither loves, 
Nor either cares for him." — Shaksjpeare. 



198 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Page 64, No. 111. 

" To reverse the rod, to spell the charm back 
wards, to break the ties which bound a stupefied peo- 
ple to the seat of enchantment, was the noble aim of 
Milton." — Macaulay. 

Page 68, No. 9. 

" We believe, that at this conjuncture, he had it in 
his power to give victory either to the Whigs or to 
the king's friends."- — Idem. 

Page 70, No. 1 3. 

"The Black Prince, whom he had ungratefully 
offended, withdrew into Gruienne." — Hallam. 

Page 70, No. 13. (c.) 

" They turned, surprised, 

That they had missed so long, what now they 
found."— Polloh. 

Page 71, No. 14. 

" Me what is substance teach, 

And shadow what." — -Idem. 
" Son, give me thy heart." 

" The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, 
she gave me of the tree and I did eat." — Genesis. 

Page 70, No. 13. 

"For His elect's sake whom he hath chosen." 



ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 199 

Page 11, No. 15. 

11 And honest men bewailed all order void ; 
All laws annulled ; all property destroyed ; 
The venerable murdered in the streets ; 
The wise, despised ; streams red with blood, 
Lands desolate ; and famine, at the door." 

Polloh. 

Page 73, No. 18. 

" With the laudable hereditary feeling thus kept 
up among these people, did Mr. Knickerbocker 
undertake to write a history of his native city." — 
Irving. 

Page 75, No. 21. 

" I heard that the Greeks had defeated the Turks." 
"You allege that the man is innocent."— Webster. 



200 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



GEKEKAL EXEECISES FOR ANALYSIS. 



THE CLOSING YEAR.— Prentice. 

1. 'Tis 1 midnight's 2 holy 3 hour 4 — and 5 silence 6 now 7 
Is brooding, 8 like 9 a gentle spirit, o'er 9 

The still and pulseless world. Hark ! on 10 the winds 
The bell's 2 deep tones are swelling ; 8 'tis the knell 4 
Of 11 the departed year. 

2. No 3 funeral train 

Is sweeping 8 past ; yet, 5 on 9 the stream and 12 wood, 
With 9 melancholy light, the moonbeams rest, 
Like a pale, spotless shroud ; the 1 air is stirred, 
As 13 by a mourners' sigh ; and on yon cloud, 9 
That 14 floats 14 so still 7 and 15 placidly 7 thro' 8 heaven, 
The spirits 16 of the seasons seem to stand, 



1 Page 25, No. 22. 2p # n5, 10. 3p. 119, 22. 4 "78, 4 (a). 
5 P. 30, 42. 6 p. 35 > 1. 7 p. 142, 69. 8 P. 80, 8 (a) 9 (P. 31, 48. 
What does like connect ? 10 On connects winds to swelling. 11 P. 
81, 45. Of connects year to knell. 12 P. 29, 38. I 3 As is here the 
connective of an adverbial sentence which is not expressed, perhaps 
— as it would be stirred. By connects sigh to a verb in this sup- 
pressed sentence. 14 P. 2*7, 27. To what does that connect its sen- 
tence ? 15 P. 28, 35. 16 P. 116, 14. What words are in apposition 
with spirits ? 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 201 

Young Spring, bright Summer, Autumn's solemn 

form, 
And Winter with his aged locks, and breathe 
In mournful cadences, 1 that come abroad 
Like the far wind-harp's wild and touching wail, 
A melancholy dirge 2 o'er the dead year, 
Gone 3 from earth for ever. 

3. 'Tis a time 

For memory and for tears. Within the deep, 
Still chambers of the heart, a specter 4 dim, 
Whose 5 tones 6 are like 7 the wizard voice of Time, 
Heard 8 from the tomb of ages, points 9 its 10 cold 
And solemn finger 11 to the beautiful 
And 12 holy visions 13 that have passed 14 ~away, 
And 15 left no shadow 16 of their loveliness 
On 17 the dead waste of life. 

4. That specter lifts 

The coffin-lid of hope, and 18 joy, and love, 
And, bending 19 mournfully above the pale 
Sweet forms that slumber there, scatters dead flowers 
O'er what 20 has passed to nothingness. 

5. The year 



1 Page 172, No. 22. 2 p . 66, 1. What is the object of breathe ? 
3 Gone is an adjunct of year. 4p. 174,24. 5p. 31,48. 6 p. 166, 5. 
7 p. 80, 9. (a.) 8 Of what is heard the adjunct? $ Specter is the 
subject of points. 10 p. 115,11. 11 p. 25, 20. 12 p. 29, 38. 13 p. 172, 
22. 14 p. 25, 21. 15 p. 28, 33. 16 p. 66,1. 17 p. 31, 48. 18 p. 29, 37. 
19 What does bending limit? 20 p. 14^ example under 75. 



202 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Has gone, and with it, 1 many a glorious throng 
Of happy dreams. Its mark is on each brow, 2 
Its shadow on 3 each heart In its swift course, 
It waved its scepter o'er the beautiful — 
And they are 4 not. 

6. It laid its pallid hand 

Upon the strong man — and the haughty form 
Is fallen, 5 and the flashing eye is dim.6 
It trod the hall 7 of revelry, where thronged 8 
The bright and joyous— and the tearful wail 
Of stricken ones is heard, where erst 9 the song 
And reckless shout resounded. 

7. It passed o'er 

The battle-plain, where sword and 10 spear and shield 
Flashed in the light of midday — and the strength 
Of serried hosts is shivered, and the grass, 
Green 11 from the soil of carnage, waves above 
The crushed and mouldering skeleton. 

8. It came and faded like 12 a wreath of mist at eve ; 13 
Yet, ere it melted in the viewless air, 



1 With it is an adverbial phrase limiting the verb has gone, which 
is understood after throng. 2 p. 80, 9. (a.) 3 p. 81, note (b) under 9. 

4 The sentence they are not is not neuter. The verb are, here signi- 
fies exist, and does not require an adjunct of the subject after 
the verb. The subject is therefore substantive; p. 25, 21 and 22. 

5 p. 30, 8. (a.) 6 p . 79, 1. (a.) ? p. Ho, 25. 8 What is the sub- 
ject of thronged ? 9 Erst is an adverb, word qualifying resounded. 
10 p. 27, 31. n Green is the adjunct of soil. ™ p. 31, 48. 13 At 
eve is an adverbial phrase limiting a verb which is suppressed. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 203 

It heralded its 1 millions to their homes, 
In the dim land of dreams. 

9. Remorseless time, 2 — 

Fierce spirit of the glass, and scythe, — what power 
Can stay 3 him 4 in his silent course, or melt 
His iron heart to pity? On, still on 
He presses and forever, 

10. The proud bird, 

The condor 5 of the Andes, that can soar 
Through heaven's unfathomable depths, or 6 brave 
The fury of the northern hurricane 
And 7 bathe his plumage in the thunder's home, 
Furls his broad wings at nightfall, and' sinks down 
To rest upon his mountain-crag, —but Time 
Knows not the weight of sleep or weariness, 
And night's deep darkness has no chain to bind 8 
His rushing pinion. 9 

11. Revolutions sweep 

O'er earth, like troubled visions o'er the breast 

Of dreaming sorrow ; cities rise and sink, 

Like bubbles on the water ; fiery isles 

Spring, blazing 10 from the ocean, and go back 

To their mysterious caverns ; mountains rear 

To heaven their bald and blackened cliffs, and bow 



1 Page 153, ]N T o.85. 2 p. 165, 2. 3 p. 86, 1*7. 4 p. 162, 1, (6.) 

5 p. 133, 59 (a). 6 Or connects the infinitives soar and bathe. 1 And 
connects brave and bathe. 8 To bind limits chain. 9 p. 66, 1. 10 What 
does blazing limit? 



204 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Their tall heads to the plain ; new empires rise 
Gathering the strength of hoary centuries ; 
And rush down like the Alpine avalanche, 
Startling the nations ; and the very stars 1 — 
Yon bright and burning blazonry of God — 
Glitter awhile in their eternal depths, 
And, like 2 the Pleiad, loveliest of their train, 
Shoot from their glorious spheres, and pass away, 
To darkle in the trackless void. 
12. Yet Time- 
Time, the tomb-builder — holds his fierce career, 
Dark, stern, all-pitiless, and pauses not 
Amid the mighty wrecks that strew his path, 
To sit and muse, like other conquerors, 
Upon 3 the fearful ruin he has wrought. 



1 What word is in apposition with stars ? p. 165, 2. 2 Like con- 
nects Pleiad to shoot. 3 Upon connects its phrase to muse. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 205 



THE COUKSE OF TIME. 

BOOK IV. 

Analtsis. — The lust of power, singularly combined with the love of 
independence, is exhibited as strangely predominant in human 
nature; insomuch that all earth's boasted liberty was merely the 
attempt of man " to make all subject to his will ;" but true free- 
dom, was freedom from sin, only enjoyed by those whom the 
" truth of God made free." 

The Christian heart is displayed, and found to be composed of strange 
and inconsistent elements, producing a constant conflict between 
opposite principles and emotions. But unceasing vigilance and 
self-denial finally secured the victory to holiness;- and, after all 
his internal struggles, and patient endurance of the ills of earth, 
the Christian is brought in triumph to the world of glory. 

The books composed in Time, although numerous as the " swarms of 
locusts sent on rebellious Egypt," were too ephemeral to escape 
the general curse, which doomed " dust to dust ;" and their names, 
with those of their authors, were soon consigned to utter oblivion. 
The books entitled " The Medicine of the Miud," written for the 
furtherance of virtue, were alone exempted from annihilation. 

The mysteries of God's providence furnished inexhaustible food for 
the wonderment of men ; and Theology, Philosophy, Fancy, and 
finite wisdom, vainly toiled to comprehend the Trinity, the Incar- 
nation, and other subjects beyond mortal penetration. 

That God did not estimate men by their outward circumstances or 
superior capability, but by their moral worth, was plainly evinced 
in the unequal distribution of worldly possessions and intellectual 
endowment* — a striking illustration of which is furnished by the 
history of the noble poet Byrox. 

10 



206 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

THE LUST OF POWER. 

1 " The world had 1 much, of 2 strange and 3 won- 
derful : 
In passion much, in action, reason, will ; 
And much 4 in Providence, which 5 still retired 
From human eye, and 6 led philosophy, 
5 That 7 ill her ignorance 8 liked to own, 9 through 10 
dark 
And dangerous paths of speculation wild. 
Some striking features, as 12 we pass, we mark. 11 
In order such 13 as memory suggests. 

" One passion prominent appears : 15 the lust 14 
10 Of power, which oft-times took the fairer name 
Of liberty, and hung the popular flag 
Of freedom out. Many, 16 indeed, its names: 
"When 17 on the throne it sat, and 18 round the neck 
Of millions riveted its iron chain, 
15 And 18 on the shoulders of the people laid 
Burdens unmerciful, it title took 
Of tyranny, oppression, despotism ; 
And every tongue was 20 weary cursing it. 
When 21 in tne multitude it gathered strength, 

1 Page 83, No. 3. 2p.3i } 46. 3 p. 29, Si. 4 p. 156, 86(c) 5 p. 31, 41. 
Which connects its sentence to much. 6 p. 30, 40. 7 p. 31, 41. 
8 p. 162, 1. 9 p. 73, 18. 10 Through connects its phrase to led. 
11 We mark features is the indep. sentence. 12 p. 32; 50. 13 p. 136. (b.) 
As is the object of suggests. 14 p. 116, 13. 15 p. 83, 4. 10 Supply 
a verb. I 7 When connect3 its sentences to took. 18 p. 30, 41. I 9 p 
156, 86. (6.) 20 p. 83, 5. 21 When connects its sentence to bore. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 207 

20 And, 22 like an ocean 23 bursting from its bounds, 
Long beat 24 in vain, went forth resistlesslj, 
It bore the stamp and designation, then, 
Of popular fur j, anarchy, rebellion ; 
And honest men bewailed all order 25 void ; 25 

25 All laws, 26 annulled ; 26 all property, 26 destroyed ; 26 
The venerable, 26 murdered 26 in the streets ; 
The wise, 25 despised ; 26 streams, red 25 with human 

blood ; 
Harvests, 26 beneath the frantic foot tro'de 26 down ; 
Lands, 25 desolate ; 25 and famine, 27 at the door. 

30 " These are a part; but other names it had, 
Innumerous 28 as the shapes and robes it wore. 
But under every name, in nature still 
Invariably the same, and always bad. 
"We own, 30 indeed, that 29 oft against itself 

35 It fought, and sceptre 31 both 32 and people 31 gave 
An equal aid, 31 as 33 long exemplified 
In Albion's isle — Albion, 34 queen of the seas — 
And 35 in the struggle, something like a kind 

22 p. 30, 41. 23 p. 168, 10. 24 Beat is a participle— an adnom. word 
limiting bounds ; it is a perf. passive participle used instead of beaten 
25 p. 71, 14, and 15. (a.) 26 In this case the object is composed of a noun 
and participle. 27 Here the object is a noun and the adnom. phrase at 
door. 2 8 Innumerous qualifies names. Supply a verb with shapes, 
and a relative pronoun — object of wore — before it. 2 9 p. 75, 21. 
30 p. 83, 3. 31 p. 72, 16. (a.) Scepter and people are the indirect 
objects of gave, while aid is the direct object. 33 Supply ivas after 
as. 34 p. 165, 2. 3 5 And connects the sentence it fought to the sen- 
tence something grew ; both sentences are nominal. 32 Both qual- 



208 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Of civil liberty grew up, the best 35 

40 Of mere terrestrial root; but 36 sickly, 35 too, 

And 315 living 35 only — strange 37 to tell !■ — in strife 
Of factions equally 38 contending ; dead, 35 
That very moment 39 dead, 35 that 40 one prevailed. 
" Conflicting 41 cruelly against itself, 

45 By its own hand it fell ; part slaying part. 
And men who noticed not the suicide, 
Stood wondering 42 much why earth, from age 

to age, 
Was still enslaved, and 44 erring causes gave. 
" This was earth's liberty, its nature this, 

50 However named, in whomsoever found— 
And 44 found it was in all of woman born — 
Each man to make 45 all subject to his will; 
To make them do, 46 undo, 45 eat, 46 drink, 46 stand, 46 

move, 46 
Talk, 46 think, 46 and feel, 46 exactly as he chose. 

55 Hence the eternal strife 47 of brotherhoods, 
Of individuals, families, commonwealths. 

ifies the words scepter and people. 35 Best, sickly, living, and dead 
are adnom. words limiting liberty. 36 p. 28, 34. 37 Strange is an 
adnom. word qualifying the whole phrase " living only in strife of 
factions equally contending." 38 p . H4, 4. 39 p. 180, 33. 40 That 
connects the following sentence to moment. 41 Conflicting limits it. 
42 p. 123, 43 and 44. (6 ) 44 p . 30, 42. 45 p. 172, 20. To make is 
a phrase in apposition with this; named and found are adnom. 
words also limiting this ; in whomsoever is an adverb, phrase limit- 
ing found. 46 p. 88, IT. 47 Supply a verb. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 209 

The root from which 48 it grew was pride — bad 

root ! 
And bad the fruit 49 it bore. Then wonder 51 not 
That long the nations from it richly reaped 52 

60 Oppression, slavery, tyranny, and war ; 
Confusion, desolation, trouble, shame. 
And, 53 marvelous though it seem, this monster, 54 

when 
It took the name of slavery, as oft 
It did, had advocates to plead its cause ; 

65 Beings 54 that walked, erect, and spoke like men; 
Of Christian parentage descended, 55 too, 
And dipped 55 in the baptismal font, as sign 
Of dedication to the Prince who bowed 
To death, to set the sin-bound prisoner free." 

FREEDOM AND SLAVERY. 

70 "Unchristian thought! 55 on what 56 pretence 
soe'er 



48 p. 137, 64; Which connects the sentence it grew to root, and is 
also the essential element of an adverb, phrase connected hj from 
to grew. 49 Supply the verb was with fruit and the connective which 
or that before it. 51 What is the subject of wonder? 52 p. 83, 3. 
53 And monster had advocates is the indep. sentence : when and 
though connect their sentences to had: Though it seems mar- 
velous is a neut. sentence. 54 p. 116,13. Beings is in apposition 
with monster. 55 Descended and dipped are adnom. words limit- 
ing beings. 55 Iudependent by exclamation. The infinitives to 
buy, to sell, to barter, to whip, and to hold, are phrases in apposition 
with thought. The adjunct of these infinitives is on pretence ; adjunct 



210 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Of right inherited, or else acquired ; 
Of loss, or profit, or what plea you name, 
To buy and sell, to barter, whip, and hold 
In chains, a being 57 of celestial make ; 

75 Of kindred form, of kindred faculties ; 

Of kindred feelings, passions, thoughts, desires ; 
Born free, and heir of an immortal hope ; 
Thought 58 villainous, absurd, detestable ! 
Unworthy to be harbored in a fiend ! 

80 And only overreached in wickedness 
By that, birth too of earthly liberty, 
Which aimed to make a reasonable man 
By legislation think, and by the sword 
Believe. This was that liberty renowned, 

85 Those equal rights of Greece and Eome, where 59 
men, 
All but 60 a few, were bought, and sold, and 

scourged, 
And killed, as interest or caprice enjoined; 

of pretence of right ; adj unct of right in herited or acquired; farther 
adjunct of pretence of loss or profit. 56 Whatsoever is the adjunct of 
pretence. 57 Of make, of form, &c, and also born and heir, are ad- 
juncts of being. Make is here a noun. 5ii Thought is again independent 
by exclamation. Independent words are usually the remnants of inde- 
pendent sentences ; hence we find them frequently connected by co- 
ordinate connectives to independent sentences. Villainous, absurd, 
detested, unworthy, and overreached are adjuncts of thought ; by that 
limits overreached,, that stands for some noun suppressed. Birth, 
here has the force of born and limits that. Which aimed, &c, also 
qualifies that. 59 p . 175, 25. 60 p. 32, 49. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 211 

In aftcrtimes talked 61 of, written of so much, 62 
That most, by sound and custom led away, 
90 Believed 63 the essence 64 answered 64 to the name. 
Historians on this theme were long and warm. 
Statesmen, drunk 65 with the fumes of vain 

debate. 
In lofty swelling phrase, called it perfection ; 
Philosophers its rise, advance and fall, 
95 Traced carefully ; and poets kindled 66 still, 
As memory brought it up : their lips were 

touched 
With fire, and uttered words that men adored. 
Even he, 67 true bard of Zion, holy man ! 
To whom 68 the Bible taught this precious verse, 
100 c He 69 is the freeman whom the truth makes free,' 
By fashion, 70 though 71 by fashion little swayed, 
Scarce kept his harp from pagan freedom's 

praise. 

" The captive prophet, whom 72 Jehovah gave 
The future years, 72 described it best, when he 
105 Beheld it rise in vision of the night : 

A dreadful beast, and 73 terrible, and 73 strong 
Exceedingly, with mighty iron teeth ; 

61 Talked, with its inseparable adjunct of, limits rights in the 85 
verse. The same is true of written. 62 That most believed, &c, 
qualify much as limited by so. 63 p. 83, 3. Mp.15,21. 6 5 p. 125, 
49. 66 p. 83, 4. 67 p. 116, 13. Bard and man are in apposition 
with he. The indep. sentence is he kept harp. 68 p. 137, 84. G!) This 
line is in apposition with verse, 172, 21. 70 Supply swayed limiting 
fashion. 71 Supply he was after thought. 72 p. 72, 16. 73 What 
does and connect. 



212 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

And, lo ! it brake in pieces, and devoured 
And stamped the residue beneath its feet! 
110 " True liberty was Christian : 75 sanctified, 75 
Baptized 75 , and found in Christian hearts alone 
First-born 75 of Virtue, daughter 75 of the skies, 
Nursling 75 of truth divine, sister 75 of all 
The graces, meekness, holiness, and love ; 
115 Giving' to God, and man, and all below, 
That symptom showed of sensible existence, 
Their due 76 unasked : fear 76 to whom 77 fear was 

due ; 
To all, respect, 76 benevolence. 70 and love 76 
Companion 75 of religion, where she came, 
120 There freedom 78 came ; 78 where dwelt, there free- 
dom dwelt ; 
Killed where 'she ruled, expired where she ex- 
pired. 

" ' He 79 was the freeman whom the truth made 
free,' 
Who, first of all, the bands of Satan broke ; 
Who broke the bands of Sin : and for his soul, 
125 In spite of fools, consulted seriously; 
In spite of fashion, persevered in good; 

75 Complement of was and adjunct of liberty. 76 Object of 
giving. 77 p. 17B, 23. (a.) 78 Freedom came, freedom dwelt, 
freedom ruled, and freedom expired, are independent sentences. 
79 He is the subject of the sentence he was freeman. The adjuncts 
of he, direct and indirect, extend from whom in the 122 verse to peace 
in the 143. 



ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 213 

In spite of wealth or poverty, upright ; 
Who did as reason, not as fancy, bade ; 
Who heard temptation sing, and yet turned not 
130 Aside ; saw Sin bedeck her flowery bed, 

And yet would not go 80 up ; felt at his heart 
The sword unsheathed, yet would not sell the 

truth : 
Who, having power, had not the will to hurt ; 
Who blushed alike to be, or have a slave ; 
135 Who blushed at naught but sin, feared naught 
but God ; 
Who, finally, in strong integrity 
Of soul, 'midst want, or riches, or disgrace, 
Uplifted calmly sat, and heard the waves 
Of stormy folly breaking at his feet ; 
140 Now shrill 81 with praise, now hoarse 81 with foul 
reproach, 
And both despised sincerely ; seeking this 
Alone — the approbation of his God, 
Which still with conscience witnessed to his 
peace. 

" This, this is freedom, such as 82 angels use, 
145 And kindred to the liberty of God. 

First-born of Virtue ! daughter of the skies ! 
The man, 83 the state 83 in whom she ruled, was 

free; 
All else 84 were slaves of Satan, Sin, and Death." 

80 p . 86, 17. 81 Adjunct of waves. 82 p. 135, (g) Note. As is 
the object of use. 83 p. 165, 2. 84 Else is subject of were. 



214 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

THE HUMAN HEAET. 

" Already thou hast something heard of good 
150 And ill, of vice and virtue, perfect each ; 

Of those redeemed, or else abandoned quite ; 

And more shalt hear, when, at the judgment- 
day, 

The characters of mankind we review. 

Seems aught 85 which thou hast heard astonish- 
ing? 
155 A greater wonder 86 now thy audience asks : 

Phenomenon 87 in all the universe 

Of moral being, most anomalous ; 

Inexplicable most, and wonderful. 

I'll introduce thee to a single heart — 
160 A human heart: we enter not the worst, 

But one by God's renewing Spirit touched, 

A Christian heart, awaked from sleep of sin. 

What 88 seest thou here? what mark'st? Ob- 
serve it well. 

"Will, 89 passion, reason, hopes, fears, joy, distress, 
165 Peace, turbulence, simplicity, deceit, 

85 Aught seems astonishing is a neuter sentence. 86 p. 35, 1. 
87 Phenomenon is in apposition with ivonder. 88 p. 52, 66, and 66, 
2d. What is the object of seest and mark'st. 89 p. 83, 3. The full 
construction "would be, observe will, passion, reason, hopes, fears, joy, 
distress, peace, turbidence, simplicity, deceit, good, ill, corruption, im- 
mortality. Temple, dwelling-place, and haunt, are also objects of see 
understood. Soldier, heir, and emblem, are in the same construction 
with will, passion, &c, &c, and in the 167 verse is superflous. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 215 

Good, ill, corruption, immortality. 
A temple of the Holy Grhost, and yet 
Oft lodging fiends ; the dwelling-place of all 
The heavenly virtues : charity and truth, 
170 Humility, and holiness, and love; 

And yet the common haunt of anger, pride, 
Hatred, revenge, and passions foul with lust ; 

A soldier listed 91 in Messiah's band, 
175 Yet 90 givinggi quarter to Abaddon's troops; 
"With seraphs drinking 91 from the well of life, 
And yet 92 carousing 91 in the cup of death ; 
An heir of heaven, and walking thitherward, 
Yet casting back a covetous eye on earth : 
180 Emblem of strength and weakness ; loving 91 now, 
And now abhorring 91 sin ; indulging 91 now, 
And now repenting 91 sore ; rejoicing 91 now 
With joy unspeakable, and full of glory, 
ISTow weeping 91 bitterly, and clothed 93 in dust : 
185 A man willing 91 to do, and doing 91 not ; 

Doing, 91 and willing 91 not ; embracing 91 what 94 
He hates ; what 94 most he loves, abandoning. 95 
Half 97 saint, 96 and sinner 96 half; 97 half life, half 

death ; 
Commixture 96 strange of heaven, and earth, and 
hell." 

9 °p. 28, 34. 91 p. 168, 10. 92 p. 116,26. c -3 p. 169, 13. 9 * p. 70, 
13. (c.) 95 p. 164, (c.) 9 6 In apposition, with man. 



216 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

THE CHRISTIAN'S CONTEST. 

190 "What 98 seest thou here ? what mark'st? A 
battle-field :" 
Two banners 100 spread, two dreadful fronts 100 of 

war 
In shock of opposition fierce engaged : 
God, angels, saw whole empires rise in arms ; 
Saw kings exalted ; heard them tumbled 101 down, 
195 And others raised ; and heeded not: but here 
God, angels, looked: God, angels, fought: and 

Hell, 
With all his legions, 102 fought : here error fought 
With truth; with darkness, light; 103 and life 103 

with death. 
And here not kingdoms, reputations, worlds, 
200 Were won: the strife was for eternity; 104 
The victory was never-ending bliss; 
The badge, a chaplet from the tree of life. 
" While thus, within, contending armies 
strove, 
Without, 105 the Christian had 106 his troubles too : 

97 Half is here an adverb qualifying a verb suppressed. 98 p. 
52, 66, and 66, 2d. 99 p 52, and 66, 1st, and p. 53, 67. 100 The 
full construction would be, Thou seest a battle-field, banners, &c. 
101 p. 74. 20. (a.) 1° 2 With legions is an adnom. phrase qualifying 
Hell. 103 Life and light are subjects of fovght, understood. 104 p. 
80, 9. (a.) ]05 Without is the connective of a phrase whose essen- 
tial element is suppressed. It may be called an adverb, word. 
106 Had is limited by for opposite was rule. This sentence is limited 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 21 7 

205 For, as by God's unalterable laws, 

And ceremonial of the heaven of heavens, 
Virtue takes place of all, and worthiest deeds 
Sit highest at the feet of bliss ; on earth 
The opposite was fashion's rule polite. 

210 Virtue the lowest place at table took, 

Or served, or was shut out : the Christian still 
Was mocked, derided, persecuted, slain : 
And Slander, worse than mockery, or sword, 
Or death, stood nightly by her horrid forge, 
And fabricated lies to stain his name 
And wound his peace. But still he had a source 
Of happiness, that men could neither give 
Nor take away : the avenues that led 
To immortality before him lay : 

220 He saw, with faith's far-reaching eye, the fount 
Of life, his Father's house, his Savior God, 
And borrowed thence to help his present want. 

% % % % :£ 

Virtue grew daily stronger, 107 sin 
Decayed; his enemies, 108 repulsed, retired; 
Till at the stature of a perfect man 
In Christ arrived 109 and, with the Spirit filled, 
He gained the harbor of eternal rest. " 

by as virtue takes place ; in all such cases the verb is considered the 
representative of the sentence, and the adjunct is called adverbial. 
By laws and by ceremonial axe adjuncts of takes. 1° 7 Stronger quali- 
ifies virtue. 108 Enemies retired is the sentence, and repulsed limits 
the subject. 109 Arrived andjilled limits the subject of the sentence 
he gained harbor. 



218 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 



VIRTUE IMPERFECT. 

" But think 110 not virtue, else than 112 dwells 
in Grod 
Essentially, was perfect, without spot. 
240 Examine yonder suns : at distance seen, 

How bright they burn ! how gloriously they 

shine, 
Mantling the worlds around in beamy light ! 
But nearer viewed, we through their luster see 
Some dark behind : so virtue was on earth, 
So is in heaven, and so shall always be. 
Though good it seem, immaculate, and fair 
Exceedingly, to saint or angel's gaze, 
The uncreated Eye, that searches all, 
Sees it imperfect : sees, but blames not ; sees, 
250 Well pleased ; and best with those who deepest 

dive 
Into themselves, and know themselves the 113 

most: 
Taught thence in humbler reverence to bow 
Before the Holy One ; and oftener view 
His excellence, that in them still may rise, 
And grow, his likeness, 114 growing evermore. 

" Nor think 110 that any, born of Adam's race, 
In his own proper virtue entered heaven. - 

110 p . 76/-21. ll2 Than is subject of dwells. U3 The qualifies the 
adverb most. H4 Likeness is subject oimay. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 219 

Once fallen from Grod and perfect holiness, 
No being, unassisted, e'er could rise, 
260 Or sanctify the sin-polluted soul. 

Oft was the trial made ; but vainly made : 
So oft as men, in earth's best livery clad, 
However fair, approached the gates of heaven, 
And stood presented to the eye of Grod, 
Their impious pride so oft 115 his sonl abhorred. 
Yain hope ! in patch- work of terrestrial grain, 
To be received into the courts above ; 
As vain, as towards yonder suns to soar 
On wing of waxen plumage, melting soon." 

REDEEMING LOVE. 

270 " Look round, and see those numbers infinite, 
That stand before the throne, and 117 in their 

hands 
Palms waving 117 high, as token of victory 
For battles won : these are the sons of men 
Eedeemed, the ransomed of the Lamb of Grod : 
All these, and millions more of kindred blood, 
"Who are now out on messages of love — 
All these — their virtue, beauty, excellence, 
And joy — are purchase of redeeming blood ; 
Their glory, bounty of redeeming love. 

280 " love 118 divine !— harp, 119 lift thy voice on 
high ! 

115 So oft is redundant. 117 To make the sentence correct we 
must omit and or else use wave instead of leaving. 118 Independent 
by exclamation. 



220 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Shout, angels ! shout aloud, ye sons 119 of men ! 
And burn, my heart, 119 with the eternal flame ! 
My lyre, 119 be eloquent with endless praise ! — 
love divine ! immeasurable love ! 
Stooping 120 from heaven to earth, from earth to 

hell, 
Without beginning, 121 endless, boundless love ! 
Above all asking, giving 120 far, to those 
Who naught deserved, who naught deserved 

but death ! 
Saving 120 the vilest ! saving 120 me ! — love 
290 Divine ! Savior God ! Lamb, once slain ! 
At thought of thee, thy love, thy flowing blood, 
All thoughts decay ; all things remembered, 

fade; 
All hopes return ; all actions done by men 
Or angels, disappear, absorbed and lost ; 
All fly, 122 as from the great white Throne, which 

he, 
The prophet, saw, in vision wrapped; 123 the 

heavens 
And earth, and sun, and moon, and starry host, 
Confounded fled, and found a place no more." 

119 Independent by address. 120 Adnom. word, adjunct of love. 
121 Adnom. phrase, adjunct of love. 122 The construction here is as 
follows: "All fly as the heavens and earth and sun and moon and 
starry host,. confounded, fled from the great white throne which," &c. 
123 23 p. 123, 43 and 49. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 221 



WINTER. 



The Argument. — The Subject proposed. — Address to the Earl of 
Wilmington. — First approach of Winter. — According to the nat- 
ural course of the season, various storms described.— Rain. — Wind. 
— Snow. — The driving of the snows; a man perishing among 
them ; whence reflections on the wants and miseries of human 
life. — The wolves descending from the Alps and Apennines. — A 
winter evening described ; as spent by philosophers ; by the coun- 
try people ; in the city. — Frost. — A view of Winter within the 
polar circle. — A thaw. — The whole concluding with moral reflec- 
tions on a future state. 

See ! Winter comes to rule the varied year, 
Sullen and sad, with all his rising train ; 
Vapors, and clouds, and storms. Be these my 

theme ; 
These, that exalt the soul to solemn thought, 

5 And heavenly musing. Welcome, kindred glooms, 
Congenial horrors, hail ! With frequent foot, 
Pleased have I, in my cheerful morn of life, 
When nursed by careless solitude I lived, 
And sung of Nature with unceasing joy, 

10 Pleased have I wandered through your rough 
domain ; 
Trod the pure virgin-snows, myself as pure ; 
Heard the winds roar, and the big torrent burst ; 
Or seen the deep-fermenting tempest brew'd, 



222 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

In the grim evening sky. Thus pass'd the time, 
15 Till through the lucid chambers of the south 
Look'd out the joyous Spring, look'd out and 
smiled. 



ADDRESS TO THE EARL OF WILMINGTON. 

To thee, the patron of her first essay, 
The Muse, Wilmington ! renews her song. 
Since has she rounded the revolving year ; 

20 Skimmed the gay Spring ; on eagle pinions 
borne, 
Attempted through the summer blaze to rise ; 
Then swept o'er Autumn with the shadowy gale ; 
And now among the Wintry clouds again 
Eoll'd in the doubling storm, she tries to soar ; 

25 To swell her note with all the rushing winds ; 
To suit her sounding cadence to the floods. 
As is her theme, her numbers wildly great: 
Thrice happy could she fill thy judging ear 
With bold description and with manly thought. 

30 Nor art thou skill' d in awful schemes alone, 
And how to make a mighty people thrive ; 
But equal goodness, sound integrity, 
A firm unshaken, uncorrupted soul 
Amid a sliding age, and burning strong 

35 (Not vainly blazing) for thy country's weal, 
A steady spirit regularly free ; 
These, each exalting each, the statesman light 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 223 

Into the patriot; these, the public hope 
And eye to thee converting, bid the Mnse 
40 Eecord what envy dares not flattery call. 



THE FIRST APPROACH OF WINTER. 

Now when the cheerless empire of the sky 
To Capricorn the Centaur Archer yields, 
And fierce Aquarius stains th' inverted year ; 
Hung o'er the furthest verge of heaven, the sun 

45 Scarce spreads through ether the dejected day, 
Faint are his gleams, and ineffectual shoot 
His struggling rays in horizonal lines, 
Through the thick air; as clothed in cloudy 

storm, 
"Weak, wan, and broad, he skirts the southern 
sky; 

50 And, soon descending, to the long dark night, 
Wide shading all, the prostrate world resigns. 
Nor is the light unwish'd ; while vital heat, 
Light, life, and joy the dubious day forsake. 
Meantime, in sable cincture, shadows vast, 

55 Deep-tinged and damp, and congregated clouds, 
And all the vapory turbulence of heaven, 
Involve the face of things. Thus Winter falls, 
A heavy gloom, oppressive o'er the world, 
Through Nature shedding influence malign, 

60 And rouses up the seeds of dark disease. 
The soul of man dies in him, loathing life, 



224 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

_4nd black with, more than melancholy views. 
The cattle droop ; and o'er the furrow'd land, 
Fresh from the plough, the dim discolor'd flocks, 

65 "[Intended spreading, crop the wholesome root. 
Along the woods, along the moorish fens, 
Sighs the sad genius of the coming storm ; 
And up among the loose disjointed cliffs, 
And fractured mountains wild, the brawling 
brook 

70 And cave presageful, send a hollow moan, 
Eesounding long in listening Fancy's ear. 

CHEERLESS RAIN-STORM. 

Then comes the father of the tempest forth, 
TTrapp'd in black glooms. First, joyless rains 

obscure 
Drive through the mingling skies with vapor 

foul; 
75 Dash on the mountain's brow, and shake the 

woods, 
That grumbling wave below. Th' unsightly plain 
Lies a brown deluge ; as the low bent clouds 
Pour flood on flood, yet unexhausted, still 
Combine, and deepening into night, shut up 
80 The day's fair face. The wanderers of heaven, 
Each to his home, retire ; save those that love 
To take their pastime in the troubled air, 
Or skimming flutter round the dimply pool. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 225 

The cattle from the untasted fields return,. 
85 And ask, with meaning low, their wonted stalls ; 
Or ruminate in the contiguous shade. 
Thither the household, feathery people crowd, 
The crested cock, with all his female train, 
Pensive, and dripping ! while the cottage hind 
90 Hangs o'er th ; enlivening blaze, and taleful 
there 
Recounts his simple frolic. Much he talks, 
And much he laughs, nor recks the storm that 

blows 
Without, and rattles on his humble roof. 

Wide o'er the brim, with many a torrent 
swell'd, 
95 And the mix'd ruin of its banks overspread, 
At last the roused-up river pours along. 
"Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes, 
From the rude mountain and the mossy wild. 
Tumbling through rocks abrupt, and sounding 
far; 
100 Then o'er the sanded valley floating spreads, 
Calm, sluggish, silent; till again, constrain'd 
Between two meeting hills, it bursts away, 
Where rocks and woods o'erhang the turbid 

stream ; 
There gathering triple force, rapid and deep, 
105 It boils, and wheels, and foams, and thunders 
through. 



226 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

WINTER TEMPESTS. 

Nature ! great parent ! whose unceasing hand 
Rolls round the seasons of the changeful year, 
How mighty, how majestic are thy works ! 
With what a pleasing dread they swell the soul ! 

110 That sees astonish'd I and astonish'd sings ! 
Ye too, ye winds ! that now begin to blow 
With boisterous sweep, I raise my voice to you. 
Where are your stores, ye powerful beings ! say, 
Where your aerial magazines reserved, 

115 To swell the brooding terrors of the storm ? 
In what far distant region of the sky, 
Hush'd in deep silence, sleep ye when 'tis calm ? 
When from the pallid sky the sun descends, 
With many a spot that, o'er his glaring orb 

120 Uncertain wanders, stain'd ; red, fiery streaks 
Begin to flush around. The reeling clouds 
Stagger with dizzy poise, as doubting yet 
Which master to obey ; while rising slow, 
Blank, in the leaden-color' d east, the moon 

125 Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. 
Seen through the turbid fluctuating air, 
The stars obtuse emit a shiver'd ray ; 
Or frequent seem to shoot athwart the gloom, 
And long behind them trail the whitening- blaze. 

130 Snatch'd in short eddies, plays the wither'd leaf; 
And on the flood the dancing feather floats. 
With broaden'd nostrils to the sky upturn'd, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 227 

The conscious heifer snuffs the stormy gale. 
E'en as the matron, at her nightly task, 

135 With pensive labor draws the flaxen thread, 
The wasted taper and the crackling flame 
Foretell the blast But chief the plumy race, 
The tenants of the sky, its changes speak. 
Eetiring from the downs, where all day long 

140 They pick'd their scanty fare, a blackening train 
Of clamorous rooks thick urge their weary flight, 
And seek the closing shelter of the grove. 
Assiduous, in his bower, the wailing owl 
Plies his sad song. The cormorant on high 

145 Wheels from the deep, and screams along the 
land. 
Loud shrieks the soaring hern ; and with wild 

wing 
The circling sea-fowl cleave the flaky clouds. 
Ocean, unequal press'd, with broken tide 
And blind commotion heaves ; while from the 
shore, 

150 Eat into caverns by the restless wave, 

And forest-rustling mountain, comes a voice, 
That solemn sounding bids the world prepare. 
Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst, 
And hurls the whole precipitated air 

155 Down, in a torrent. On the passive main 

Descends the ethereal force, and with strong 

gust 
Turns from its bottom the discolor' d deep. 



228 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Through the black night that sits immense 

around, 
Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine 

160 Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn. 
Meantime the mountain billows, to the clouds 
In dreadful tumult swell'd, surge above surge, 
Burst into chaos with tremendous roar, 
And anchor'd navies from their stations drive, 

165 Wild as the winds across the howling waste 
Of mighty waters. Now th' inflated wave 
Straining they scale, and now impetuous shoot 
Into the secret chambers of the deep, 
The wintry Baltic thundering o'er their head. 

170 Emerging thence again, before the breath 

Of full-exerted heaven, they wing their course, 
And dart on distant coasts ; if some sharp rock 
Or shoal insidious break not their career, 
And in loose fragments fling them floating 
round. 

1 75 Nor less at land the loosen'd tempest reigns. 
The mountain thunders ; and its sturdy sons 
Stoop to the bottom of the rocks they shade. 
Lone on the midnight steep, and all aghast, 
The dark wayfaring stranger breathless toils, 

180 And, often falling, climbs against the blast. 
Low waves the rooted forest, vex'd, and sheds 
What of its tarnish'd honors yet remain ; 
Dash'd down, and scatter 'd by the tearing wind's 
Assiduous fury, its gigantic limbs. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 229 

185 Thus struggling through the dissipated grove, 
The whirling tempest raves along the plain ; 
And on the cottage thatch 'd, or lordly roof, 
Keen fastening, shakes them to the solid base. 
Sleep frighted flies; and round the rocking 
dome, 
190 For entrance eager, howls the savage blast. 
Then, too, they say, through all the burden'd 

air, 
Long groans are heard, shrill sounds, and dis- 
tant sighs, 
That, utter'd by the Demon of the night, 
Warn the devoted wretch of woe and death. 
195 Huge uproar lords it wide. The clouds com- 
mix'd 
With stars swift gliding sweep along the sky. 
All Nature reels. Till Nature's King, who oft 
Amid tempestuous darkness dwells alone, 
And on the wings of the careering wind 
200 Walks dreadfully serene, commands a calm; 
Then, straight, air, sea, and earth are hush'd at 
once. 

As yet 'tis midnight deep. The weary clouds, 
Slow meeting, mingle into solid gloom. 
Now, while the drowsy world lies lost in sleep, 
205 Let me associate with the serious Night, 
And Contemplation, her sedate compeer ; 
Let me shake off th' intrusive cares of day, 
And lay the meddling senses all aside. 
11 



230 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Where now, ye lying vanities of life ! 
210 Ye ever tempting, ever cheating train ! 

Where are you now ? and what is your amount ? 

Yexation, disappointment, and remorse ; 

Sad, sickening thought ! and yet, deluded man, 

A scene of crude disjointed visions past, 
215 And broken slumbers, rises still resolved, 

With new-flush'd hopes to run the giddy round. 
Father of light and life ! thou Good Supreme ! 

0, teach me what is good ! teach me Thyself! 

Save me from folly, vanity, and vice, 
220 From every low pursuit ! and feed my soul 

With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue 
pure; 

Sacred, substantial, never-fading bliss ! 

SNOW MANTLES THE EAETH : DISTURBS THE COM- 
FORT OF ANIMALS. 

The keener tempests rise ; and fuming dun 
From all the livid east, or piercing north, 

225 Thick clouds ascend ; in whose capacious womb 
A vapory deluge lies, to snow congeal'd. 
Heavy they roll their fleecy world along, 
And the sky saddens with the gather'd storm. 
Through the hush'd air the whitening shower 
descends, 

230 At first thin wavering; till at last the flakes 
Fall broad and wide and fast, dimming the day 
With a continual flow. The cherished fields 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 231 

Put on their winter robe of purest white. 
'Tis brightness ail ; save where the new snow 
melts 

235 Along the mazy current. Low the woods 
Bow their hoar head ; and ere the languid sun 
Faint from the west emits his evening ray, 
Earth's universal face, deep hid, and chill, 
Is one wild dazzling waste, that buries wide 

240 The works of man. Drooping, the laborer-ox 
Stands covered o'er with snow and then de- 
mands 
The fruit of all his toil The fowls of heaven, 
Tamed by the cruel season, crowd around 
The winnowing store, and claim the little boon 

245 Which. Providence assigns them. One alone, 
The red-breast, sacred to the household gods, 
Wisely regardful of the embroiling sky, 
In joyless fields and thorny thickets, leaves 
His shivering mates, and pays to trusted man 

250 His annual visit. Half afraid, he first 

Against the window beats ; then, brisk, alights 
On the warm hearth; then, hopping o'er the 

floor, 
Eyes all the smiling family askance 
And pecks, and starts, and wonders where he is ; 

255 Till, more familiar grown, the table-crumbs 
Attract his slender feet. The foodless wilds, 
Pour forth their brown inhabitants. The hare, 
Though timorous of heart, and hard beset 



232 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

By death in various forms, dark snares, and dogs, 
260 And more unpi tying men, the garden seeks, 
Urged on by fearless want. The bleating kind 
Eye the bleak heaven, and next the glistening 

earth, 
With looks of dumb despair; then, sad dis- 
persed, 
Dig for the wither'd herb through heaps of snow. 
265 Now, shepherds, to your helpless charge be 
kind; 
Baffle the raging year, and fill their pens 
With food at will ; lodge them below the storm, 
And watch them strict : for from the bellowing 

east, 
In this dire season, oft the whirlwind's wing 
270 Sweeps up the burden of whole wintry plains 
At one wide waft, and o'er the hapless flocks, 
Hid in the hollow of two neighboring hills, 
The billowy tempest whelms; till, upward 

urged, 
The valley to a shining mountain swells, 
275 Tipp'd with a wreath high curling in the sky. 

THE COTTAGER PERISHING IN A SNOW-STORM. 

As thus the snows arise ; and foul, and fierce, 
: All Winter drives along the darken 'd air ; 
In his own loose revolving 'fields, the swain 
Disaster'd stands ; sees other hills ascend, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 233 

280 Of unknown joyless brow; and other scenes, 
Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain : 
Nor finds the river, nor the forest hid 
Beneath the formless wild ; but wanders on 
From hill to dale, still more and more astray ; 

285 Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps. 
Stung with the thoughts of home, the thoughts 

of home 
Eush on his nerves, and call their vigor forth 
In many a vain attempt. How sinks his soul ! 
"What black despair, what horror fills his heart ! 

290 When for the dusky spot, which fancy feign'd 
His tufted cottage rising through the snow, 
He meets the roughness of the middle waste, 
Far from the track and bless'd abode of man ! 
"While round him night resistless closes fast, 

295 And every tempest, howling o'er his head, 
Benders the savage wilderness more wild. 
Then throng the busy shapes into his mind 
Of covered pits, unfathomably deep, 
A dire descent ! beyond the power of frost ! 

300 Of faithless bogs ; of precipices huge, 

Smoothed up with snow ; and, what is land, 

unknown, 
What water, of the still unfrozen spring, 
In the loose marsh or solitary lake, 
Where the fresh fountain from the bottom boils. 

305 These check his fearful steps; and down he 
sinks 



234 ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Beneath the shelter of the shapeless drift, 
Thinking o'er all the bitterness of death, 
Mix'd with the tender anguish Nature shoots 
Through the wrung bosom of the dying man, 

310 His wife, his children, and his friends unseen. 
In vain for him th ; officious wife prepares 
The fire fair-blazing, and the vestment warm ; 
In vain his little children, peeping out 
Into the mingling storm, demand their sire, 

315 With tears of artless innocence. Alas ! 

Nor wife, nor children, more shall he behold, 
Nor friends, nor sacred home. On every nerve 
The deadly Winter seizes ; shuts up sense ; 
And o'er his inmost vitals creeping cold, 

320 Lays him along the snows, a stiffened corse, 
Stretch'd out, and bleaching in the northern 
blast. 

REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN POVERTY AND WRETCH- 
EDNESS. 

Ah ! little think the gay, licentious proud, 
Whom pleasure, power, and affluence surround ; 
They who their thoughtless hours in giddy 

mirth, 
325 And wanton, often cruel, riot waste ; 

Ah I little think they, while they dance along, 
How many feel, this very moment, death, 
And all the sad variety of pain : 
How many sink in the devouring flood, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 235 

330 Or more devouring flame ; how many bleed, 
By shameful variance betwixt man and man : 
How many pine in want, and dungeon glooms ; 
Shut from the common air, and common use 
Of their own limbs : how many drink the cup 

335 Of baleful grief, or eat the bitter bread 
Of misery : sore pierced by wintry winds, 
How many shrink into the sordid hut 
Of cheerless poverty : how many shake 
With all the fiercer tortures of the mind, 

340 Unbounded passion, madness, guilt, remorse ; 
Whence tumbled headlong from the height of 

life, 
They furnish matter for the tragic Muse : 
E'en in the vale, where Wisdom loves to dwell, 
With Friendship, Peace, and Contemplation 
join'd, 

345 How many, rack'd with honest passions, droop 
In deep retired distress : how many stand 
Around the death-bed of their dearest friends, 
And point the parting anguish. Thought fond 

man 
Of these, and all the thousand nameless ills, 

350 That one incessant struggle render life, 
One scene of toil, of suffering, and of fate ; 
Yice in his high career would stand appall'd, 
And heedless, rambling Impulse learn to think ; 
The conscious heart of Charity would warm, 

355 And her wide wish. Benevolence dilate : 



236 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The social tear would rise, the social sigh 
And into clear perfection, gradual bliss, 
Kenning still, the social passions work. 



CRUELTIES OF A BRITISH PRISON IX THE EIGH- 
TEENTH CENTURY. 

And here can I forget the generous band, 
360 Who, touch 'd with human woe, redressive 
search' d 
Into the horrors of the gloomy jail ; 
Unpitied, and unheard, where Misery moans; 
Where Sickness pines ; where Thirst and Hun- 
ger burn, 
And poor Misfortune feels the lash of Vice ? 
365 While in the land of Liberty, the land 

Whose every street and public meeting glow 
With open freedom, little tyrants raged ; 
Snatch'd the lean morsel from the starving 

mouth ; 
Tore from cold wintry lfmbs the tatter'd weed; 
370 E'en robb'd them of the last of comforts, sleep ; 
The freeborn Briton to the dungeon chain'd, 
Or, as the lust of cruelty prevail'd, 
At pleasure mark'd him with inglorious stripes ; 
And crush'd out lives, by secret barbarous ways, 
375 That for their country would have toil'd or 
bled. 
great design ! if executed well. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 23*7 

With, patient care, and wisdom-temper'd zeal. 

Ye sons of Mercy ! yet resume the search ; 

Drag forth the regal monsters into light. 
380 Wrench from their hands Oppression's iron rod, 

And bid the cruel feel the pains they give. 

Much still untouch'd remains ; in this rank age, 

Much is the patriot's weeding hand required. 

The toils of law, (what dark insidious men 
385 Have cumbrous added to perplex the truth, 

And lengthen simple justice into trade,) 

How glorious were the day that saw these broke, 

And every man within the reach of right ! 

WOLVES DESCENDING FROM THE ALPS AND APEN- 
NINES. 

By wintry famine roused, from all the tract 
390 Of horrid mountains, which the shining Alps, 

And wavy Apennine, and Pyrenees, 

Branch out stupendous into distant lands ; 

Cruel as death, and hungry as the grave ! 

Burning for blood ! bony, and gaunt, and grim ! 
395 Assembling wolves in raging troops descend; 

And, pouring o'er the country, bear along 

Keen as the north- wind sweeps the glossy snow. 

All is their prize. They fasten on the steed, 

Press him to earth, and pierce his mighty heart. 
400 ISTor can the bull his awful front defend, 

Or shake the murdering savages away. 

Eapacious, at the mother's throat they fly, 



238 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

And tear the screaming infant from her breast. 
The godlike face of man avails him nanght. 
405 E'en beauty, force divine! at whose bright 
glance 
The generous lion stands in soften'd gaze, 
Here bleeds, a hapless, undistinguish'd prey. 
But if, apprised of the severe attack, 
The country be shut up, lured by the scent, 
410 On churchyards drear (inhuman to relate !) 
The disappointed prowlers fall, and dig 
The shrouded body from the grave ; o'er which 
Mix'd with foul shades and frighted ghosts, they 
howl. 

Among those hilly regions, where embraced 
415 In peaceful vales the happy Grisons dwell ; 
Oft, rushing sudden from the loaded cliffs, 
Mountains of snow their gathering terrors roll ; 
From steep to steep, loud thundering down 

they come, 
A wintry waste, in dire commotion all ; 
420 And herds, and flocks, and travellers, and 
swains, 
And sometimes whole brigades of marching 

troops, 
Or hamlets sleeping in the dead of night. 
Are deep between the smothering ruin whelm'd. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 239 



THE MIGHTY DEAD OF GREECE. 

Now, all amid the rigors of the year, 

425 In the wild depth of Winter, while without 
The ceaseless winds blow ice, be my retreat 
Between the groaning forest and the shore, 
Beat by the boundless multitude of waves, 
A rural, shelter'd solitary scene ; 

430 Where ruddjr fire and beaming tapers join 

To cheer the gloom. There studious let me sit, 
And hold high converse with the mighty Dead ; 
Sages of ancient time, as gods revered, 
As gods beneficent, who bless'd mankind 

435 With arts, with arms, and humanized a world. 
Boused at the inspiring thought, I throw aside 
The long-lived volume ; and, deep musing, hail 
The sacred shades, that slowly rising pass 
Before my wondering eyes. First Socrates, 

440 Who, firmly good in a corrupted state, 
Against the rage of tyrants single stood, 
Invincible ! calm reason's holy law, 
That Yoice of Grod within th' attentive mind, 
Obeying, fearless, or in life or death : 

445 Great moral teacher ! wisest of mankind ! 
Solon the next, who built his commonweal 
On equity's wide base ; by tender laws 
A lively people curbing yet undamp'd, 
Preserving still that quick peculiar fire- 



240 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

450 Whence in the laurel'd field of finer arts, 

And of bold freedom, they unequall'd shone ; 
The pride of smiling Greece and humankind. 
Lycurgus then, who bow'd beneath the force 
Of strictest discipline, severely wise, 

455 All human passions. Following him, I see, 
As at Thermopylae he glorious fell, 
The firm devoted Chief, who proved by deeds 
The hardest lesson which the other taught. 
Then Aristides lifts his honest front ; 

460 Spotless of heart, to whom th' unflattering voice 
Of freedom gave the noblest name of Just ; 
In pure majestic poverty revered ; 
Who, e'en his glory to his country's weal 
Submitting, swell' d a haughty Rival's fame. 

465 Rear'd by his care, of softer ray appears 

Cimon sweet-soul'd ; whose genius, rising strong, 
Shook off the load of young debauch ; abroad, 
The scourge of Persian pride; at home, the 

friend 
Of every worth and every splendid art ; 

470 Modest and simple in the pomp of wealth. 
Then the last worthies of declining Greece, 
Late call'd to glory, in unequal times, 
Pensive appear. The fair Corinthian boast, 
Timoleon, happy temper ! mild and firm, - 

475 Who wept the brother while the tyrant bled. 
And, equal to the best, the Theban Pair, 
Whose virtues, in heroic concord join'd, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 241 

Their country raised to freedom, empire, fame. 
He too, with whom Athenian honor sunk, 

480 And left a mass of sordid lees behind, 
Phocion the Good ; in public life severe, 
To virtue still inexorably firm. 
But when, beneath his low illustrious roof, 
Sweet peace and happy wisdom smooth'd his 
brow, 

485 Not Friendship softer was, nor Love more kind. 
And he, the last of old Lycurgus' sons, 
The generous victim to that vain attempt, 
To save a rotten state, Agis, who saw 
E'en Sparta's self to servile avarice sunk. 

490 The two Achaian heroes close the train : 
Aratus, who awhile relumed the soul 
Of fondly lingering liberty in Greece ; 
And he, her darling as her latest hope, 
The gallant Philopcemen ; who to arms 

495 Turn'd the luxurious pomp he could not cure ; 
Or toiling on his farm, a simple swain ; 
Or, bold and skilful, thundering in the field. 



THE GREAT MEN OF ANCIENT ROME. 

Of rougher front, a mighty people come ! 
A race of heroes ! in those virtuous times 
500 Which knew no stain, save that with partial 
flame 
Their dearest country they too fondly loved : 



242 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Her better Founder first, the light of Eome, 
Numa, who soften'd her rapacious sons : 
Servius the king, who laid the solid base 

505 On which o'er earth the yast Eepublic spread. 
Then the great consuls venerable rise : 
The public Father who the private quelTd, 
As on the dread tribunal sternly sad : 
He, whom his thankless country could not lose, 

510 Camillus, only vengeful to her foes : 

Fabricius, scorner of all-conquering gold ; 
And Cincinnatus, awful from the plough : 
Thy willing victim, Carthage, bursting loose 
From all that pleading Nature could oppose, 

515 From a whole city's tears, by rigid faith 

Imperious call'd, and honor's dire command : 
Scipio, the gentle chief, humanely brave, 
Who soon the race of spotless glory ran, 
And, warm in youth, to the poetic shade, 

520 With friendship and philosophy, retired : 
Tully, whose powerful eloquence a while 
Eestrain'd the rapid fate of rushing Eome : 
Unconquer'd Cato, virtuous in extreme : 
And, thou, unhappy Brutus, kind of heart, 

525 Whose steady arm, by awful virtue urged, 
Lifted the Eoman steel against thy friend. 
Thousands besides the tribute of a verse 
Demand ; but who can count the stars of heaven ? 
Who sing their influence on this lower world ? 

530 Behold, who yonder comes ! in sober state, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 243 

Fair, mild, and strong, as is a vernal sun : 
'Tis Phoebus' self, or else the Mantuan Swain ! 
Great Homer too appears, of daring wing, 
Parent of Song ! and equal, by his side, 

535 The British Muse : join'd hand in hand they 
walk, 
Darkling, full up the middle steep to fame. 
Nor absent are those shades, whose skilful touch 
Pathetic drew th' impassioned heart, and charm'd 
Transported Athens with the moral scene ; 

540 Nor those who, tuneful, waked th' enchanting 
lyre. 

First of your kind ! society divine ! 
Still visit thus my nights, for you reserved, 
And mount my soaring soul to thoughts like 

yours. 
Silence, thou lonely power ! the door be thine; 

545 See on the hallow ; d hour that none intrude, 
Save a few chosen friends, who sometimes deign 
To bless my humble roof, with sense refined, 
Learning digested well, exalted faith, 
Unstudied wit, and humor ever gay. 

550 Or from the Muses' hill with Pope descend, 
To raise the sacred hour, to bid it smile, 
And with the social spirit warm the heart ? 
For though not sweeter his own Homer sings, 
Yet is his life the more endearing song. 

555 "Where art thou, Hammond ? thou, the darling 
pride, 



244 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

The friend and lover of the tuneful throng ! 
Ah, why, dear youth, in all the blooming prime 
Of vernal genius, where disclosing fast 
Each active worth, each manly virtue lay, 

560 Why wert thou ravished from our hope so soon? 
What now avails that noble thirst of fame, 
Which stung thy fervent breast ? that treasured 

store 
Of knowledge, early gain'd ? that eager zeal 
To serve thy country, glowing in the band 

565 Of youthful patriots, who sustain her name? 
What now, alas ! that life-diffusing charm 
Of sprightly wit ? that rapture for the Muse ? 
That heart of friendship, and that soul of joy, 
Which bade with softest light thy virtues smile ? 

570 Ah ! only show'd, to check our fond pursuits, 
And teach our humble hopes that life is vain ! 

WINTEB EVENING STUDIES AND AMUSEMENTS. 

Thus in some deep retirement would I pass 
The Winter glooms, with friends of pliant soul, 
Or blithe, or solemn, as the theme inspired : 
575 With them would search, if Nature's boundless 
frame 
Was call'd, late rising from the void of night, 
Or sprung eternal from th' Eternal Mind ; 
Its life, its laws, its progress, and its end. 
Hence larger prospects of the beauteous whole 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 245 

580 Would, gradual, open on our opening minds ; 
And each diffusive harmony unite 
In full perfection, to th' astonish' d eye. 
Then would we try to scan the moral world, 
Which, though to us it seems embroil'd, moves 
on 

585 In higher order; fitted and impell'd 

By Wisdom's finest hand, and issuing all 
In general good. The sage historic Muse 
Should next conduct us through the deeps of 

time ; 
Show us how empire grew, declined, and fell, 

590 In scatter'd states; what makes the nations 
smile, 
Improves their soil, and gives them double suns ; 
And why they pine beneath the brightest skies, 
In Nature's richest lap. As thus we talked, 
Our hearts would burn within us ; would inhale 

595 That portion of divinity, that ray 

Of purest heaven, which lights the public soul 
Of patriots and of heroes But if doom'd, 
In powerless humble fortune, to repress 
These ardent risings of the kindling soul ; 

600 Then, even superior to ambition, we 

Would learn the private virtues ; how to glide 
Through shades and plains, along the smoothest 

stream 
Of rural life ; or, snatch'd away by hope. 
Through the dim spaces of futurity, 



246 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

605 "With earnest eye anticipate those scenes 
Of happiness and wonder, where the mind, 
In endless growth and infinite ascent. 
Rises from state to state, and world to world. 
But when with these the serious thought is 
foil'd, 

610 We, shifting for relief, would play the shapes 
Of frolic fancy ; and incessant form 
Those rapid pictures, that assembled train 
Of fleet ideas, never join'd before, 
Whence lively wit excites to gay surprise ; 

615 Or folly-painting humor, grave himself, 

Calls laughter forth, deep shaking every nerve. 

Meantime the village rouses up the fire ; 
While well attested, and as well believed, 
Heard solemn, goes the goblin story round; 

620 Till superstitious horror creeps o'er all. 

Or, frequent in the sounding hall, they wake 
The rural gambol. Rustic mirth goes round ; , 
The simple joke that takes the shepherd's heart, 
Easily pleased ; the long loud laugh, sincere ; 

625 The kiss, snatch'd hasty from the sidelong maid, 
On purpose guardless or pretending sleep ; 
The leap, the slap, the haul ; and, shook to 

notes 
Of native music, the respondent dance. 
Thus jocund fleets with them the Winter night. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 247 



WINTER EVENING- IN THE CITY. 

630 The city swarms intense. The public haunt, 
Full of each theme, and warm with mix'd dis- 
course. 
Hums indistinct. The sons of riot flow 
Down the loose stream of false enchanted joy 
To swift destruction. On the rankled soul 

635 The gaming fury falls ; and in one gulf 
Of total ruin, honor, virtue, peace, 
Friends, families, and fortune, headlong sink. 
Up springs the dance along the lighted dome, 
Mix'd and evolved a thousand sprightly ways. 

640 The glittering court effuses every pomp ; 

The circle deepens ; beam'd from gaudy robes, 
Tapers, and sparkling gems, and radiant eyes, 
A soft effulgence o'er the palace waves : 
While, a gay insect in his summer-shine, 

645 The fop, light- fluttering, spreads his mealy 
wings. 

Dread o'er the scene the ghost of Hamlet 
stalks ; 
Othello rages ; poor Monimia mourns ; 
And Belvidera pours her soul in love. 
Terror alarms the breast. The comely tear 

650 Steals o'er the cheek ; or else the Comic Muse 
Holds to the world a picture of itself, 
And raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 



248 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Sometimes she lifts her strain, and paints the 

scenes 
Of beauteous life ; whate'er can deck mankind, 

655 Or charm the heart in generous Bevil show'd. 
Thou, whose wisdom, solid yet refined, 
Whose patriot virtues, and consummate skill 
To touch the finer springs that move the world, 
Join'd to whate'er the Graces can bestow, 

660 And all Apollo's animating fire, 

Give thee, with pleasing dignity, to shine 
At once the guardian, ornament, and joy 
Of polished life ; permit the rural Muse, 
O Chesterfield, to grace with thee her song ! 

665 Ere to the shades again she humbly flies, 
Indulge her fond ambition, in thy train, 
(For every Muse has in thy train a place,) 
To mark thy various, full- accomplished mind ; 
To mark that spirit which, with British scorn, 

670 Bejects th' allurements of corrupted power; 
That elegant politeness, which excels, 
E'en in the judgment of presumptuous France, 
The boasted manners of her shining court ; 
That wit, the vivid energy of sense, 

675 The truth of Nature, which, with Attic point 
And kind well-temper'd satire, smoothly keen, 
Steals through the soul, and without pain "cor- 
rects. 
Or, rising thence with yet a brighter flame, 
O, let me hail thee on some glorious day, 

680 "When to the listening senate, ardent, crowd 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 249 

Britannia's sons to hear her pleaded cause, 
Then dress ; d by thee, more amiably fair, 
Truth the soft robe of mild persuasion wears. 
Thou to assenting reason givest again 
685 Her own enlighten'd thoughts ; call'd from the 
heart, 
Th' obedient passions on thy voice attend ; 
And e'en reluctant party feels a while 
Thy gracious power; as through the varied 

maze 
Of eloquence, now smooth, now quick, now 
v. strong, 
690 Profound, and clear, you roll the copious flood. 

THE VAEIOUS OPERATIONS AND EFFECTS OF FROST. 

To thy loved haunt return, my happy Muse ; 
For now, behold, the joyous Winter days, 
Frosty, succeed ; and through the blue serene, 
For sight too fine, th' ethereal nitre flies, 

695 Killing infectious damps, and the spent air 
Storing afresh with elemental life. 
Close crowds the shining atmosphere ; and binds 
Our strengthen'd bodies in its cold embrace, 
Constringent ; feeds and animates our blood ; 

700 Eefines our spirits, through the new-strung 
nerves 
In swifter sallies darting to the brain ; 
Where sits the soul, intense, collected, cool, 



250 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Bright as tile skies, and as the season keen. 
All nature feels the renovating force 

705 Of Winter, only to the thoughtless eye 
In ruin seen. The frost- concocted glebe 
Draws in abundant vegetable soul, 
And gathers vigor for the coming year. 
A stronger glow sits on the lively cheek 

710 Of ruddy fire ; and luculent along 

The purer rivers flow : their sullen deeps, 
Transparent, oipen to the shepherd's gaze, 
And murmur hoarser at the fixing frost. 

What art thou, frost ? and whence are thy 
keen stores 

715 Derived, thou secret, all-invading power, 
Whom e'en th 7 illusive fluid cannot fly? 
Is not thy potent energy, unseen, 
Myriads of little salts, or hook'd, or shaped 
Like double wedges, and diffused immense 

720 Through water, earth, and ether? Hence, at eve 
Steam' d eager from the red horizon round, 
With the fierce rage of Winter deep suffused, 
An icy gale, oft shifting, o'er the pool 
Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career 

725 Arrests the bickering stream. The loosen'd ice, 
Let down the flood, and half dissolved by day, 
Rustles no more ; but to the sedgy bank 
Fast grows, or gathers round the pointed stone, 
A crystal pavement, by the breath of heaven 

730 Cemented firm ; till, seized from shore to shore, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 251 

The whole imprison 'd river growls below. 
Loud rings the frozen earth, and hard reflects 
A double noise ; while, at his evening watch, 
The village dog deters the nightly thief; 

735 The heifer lows ; the distant waterfall 

Swells in the breeze ; and, with the hasty tread 
Of traveller, the hollow-sonnding plain, 
Shakes from afar. The full-ethereal round, 
Infinite worlds disclosing to the view, 

740 Shines out intensely keen ; and, all one cope 
Of starry glitter, glows from pole to pole. 
From pole to pole the rigid influence falls, 
Through the still night, incessant, heavy, strong, 
And seizes Nature fast. It freezes on ; 

745 Till morn, late rising o'er the drooping world, 
Lifts her pale eye, unjoyous. Then appears 
The various labor of the silent night : 
Prone from the dripping eave, and dumb cascade, 
Whose idle torrents only seem to roar, 

750 The pendent icicle ; the frost-work fair, 

Where transient hues and fancied figures rise ; 
Wide-spouted o'er the hill, the frozen brook, 
A livid tract, cold gleaming on the morn ; 
The forest bent beneath the plumy wave ; 

755 And by the frost refined the whiter snow, 
Incrusted hard, and sounding to the tread 
Of early shepherd, as he pensive seeks 
His pining flock, or from the mountain top, 
Pleased with the slippery surface, swift descends. 



252 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

SPORTS ON THE ICE AND SNOW. 

760 On blithesome frolics bent, the youthful swains, 
While every work of man is laid at rest, 
Fond o'er the river crowd, in various sport 
And revelry dissolved ; where mixing glad, 
Happiest of all the train ! the raptured boy 

765 Lashes the whirling top. Or, where the Khine 
Branch'd out in many a long canal extends, 
From every province swarming, void of care, 
Batavia rushes forth : and, as they sweep, 
On sounding skates, a thousand different ways, 

770 In circling poise, swift as the winds along, 
The then gay land is madden 'd all to joy. 
Nor less the northern courts, wide o'er the snow 
Pour a new pomp. Eager on rapid sleds, 
Their vigorous youth in bold contention wheel 

775 The long resounding course. Meantime to raise 
The manly strife, with highly blooming charms, 
Flush'd by the season, Scandinavia's dames, 
Or Eussia's buxom daughters glow around. 
Pure, quick, and sportful is the wholesome 
day; 

780 But soon elapsed. The horizontal sun, 

Broad o'er the south, hangs at his utmost noon, 
And, ineffectual, strikes the gelid cliff. 
His azure gloss the mountain still maintains, 
Nor feels the feeble touch. Perhaps the vale 

785 Eelents a while to the reflected ray ; 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 253 

Or from the forest falls the cluster'cl snow, 
Myriads of gems, that in the waving gleam 
Gay twinkle as they scatter. Thick around 
Thunders the sport of those who with the gun, 
790 And dog impatient bounding at the shot, 
Worse than the Season, desolate the fields ; 
And, adding to the ruins of the year, 
Distress the footed or the feather'd game. 

WINTER SCENES IN THE FRIGID ZONE. 

But what is this? our infant Winter sinks 

795 Divested of his grandeur, should our eye 
Astonish'd shoot into the frigid zone ; 
Where, for relentless months, continual night 
Holds o'er the glittering waste her starry reign. 
There, through the prison of unbounded wilds, 

800 Barr'd. by the hand of Nature from escape, 

Wide roams the Eussian exile. Naught around 
Strikes his sad eye but deserts lost in snow, 
And heavy -loaded groves, and solid floods. 
That stretch, athwart the solitary vast, 

805 Their icy horrors to the frozen main ; 

And cheerless towns far distant, never bless'd, 
Save when its annual course the caravan 
Bends to the golden coast of rich Cathay 
With news of humankind. Yet there life glows ; 

810 Yet cherish'cl there, beneath the shining waste, 

The furry nations harbor: tipped with jet, 

12 



254 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Fair ermines, spotless as the snows they press; 
Sables, of glossy black ; and dark-embrown'd, 
Or beauteous freak'd with many a mingled hue, 

815 Thousands besides, the costly pride of courts. 
There, warm together press'd, the trooping deer 
Sleep on the new-fallen snows ; and, scarce his 

head 
Eais'd o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk 
Lies slumbering sullen in the white abyss. 

820 The ruthless hunter wants nor dogs nor toils ; 
Nor with the dread of sounding bows he drives 
The fearful, flying race : with ponderous clubs, 
As weak against the mountain heaps they push 
Their beating breast in vain, and piteous bray, 

825 He lays them quivering on th' ensanguined 
snows, 
And with loud shouts rejoicing bears them home, 
There through the piny forest, half absorb'd, 
Bough tenant of these shades, the shapeless 

bear, 
With dangling ice all horrid, stalks forlorn. 

830 Slow-paced, and sourer as the storms increase, 
He makes his bed beneath the inclement drift, 
And, with stern patience, scorning weak com- 
plaint, 
Hardens his heart against assailing want. - 
Wide o'er the spacious regions of the north, 

835 That see Bootes urge his tardy wain 

A boisterous race, by frosty Caurus pierced, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 255 

Who little pleasure know and fear no pain, 
Prolific swarm. They once relumed the flame 
Of lost mankind in polish'd slavery sunk ; 

840 Drove martial horde on horde, with dreadful 
sweep 
Eesistless rushing o'er tli' enfeebled south, 
And gave the vanquished world another form. 
Not such the sons of Lapland : wisely they 
Despise th ; insensate, barbarous trade of war; 

845 They ask no more than simple Nature gives ; 
They love their mountains, and eujoy their 

storms. 
No false desires, no pride-created wants 
Disturb the peaceful current of their time, 
And through the restless, ever tortured maze 

850 Of pleasure or ambition, bid it rage. 

Their reindeer form their riches. These their 

tents, 
Their robes, their beds, and all their homely 

wealth 
Supply : their wholesome fare and cheerful cups. 
Obsequious at their call the docile tribe 

855 Yield to the sled their necks, and whirl them 
swift 
O'er hill and dale, heap'd into one expanse 
Of marbled snow, as far as eye can sweep, 
W ith a blue crust of ice unbounded glazed. 
By dancing meteors then, that ceaseless shake 

860 A waving blaze, refracted o'er the heavens, 



256 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 

And vivid moons, and stars that keener play 
"With double lustre from the glossy waste, 
E'en in the depth of polar night, they find 
A wondrous day ; enough to light the chase, 

865 Or guide their daring steps to Finland fairs. 
Wish'd Spring returns ; and from the hazy 

south, 
While dim Aurora slowly moves before, 
The welcome sun, just verging up at first, 
By small degrees extends the swelling curve; 

870 Till seen at last for gay rejoicing months, 

Still round and round his spiral course he winds, 
And as he nearly dips his flaming orb, 
"Wheels up again, and reascends the sky ! 
In that glad season, from the lakes and floods, 

875 "Where pure Me mi's fairy mountains rise, 

And fringed with roses Tenglio rolls his stream, 
They draw the copious fry. With these, at eve, 
They, cheerful loaded, to their tents repair ; 
Where, all day long in useful cares employ'd, 

880 Their kind, unblemish'd wives the fire prepare. 
Thrice happy race ! by poverty secured 
From legal plunder and rapacious power ; 
In whom fell interest never yet has sown 
The seeds of vice; whose spotless swains ne'er 
knew 

885 Injurious deed; nor blasted by the breath 

Of faithless love, their blooming daughters woe. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 257 



THE AWFUL GRANDEUR OF THE POLAR REGIONS. 

Still pressing on, beyond Tornea's lake, 
And Hecla flaming through a waste of snow, 
And furthest Greenland, to the pole itself, 

890 Where, failing gradual, life at length goes out, 
The Muse expands her solitary flight ; 
And, hovering o'er the wild stupendous scene, 
Beholds new seas beneath another sky. 
Throned in his palace of cerulean ice, 

895 Here Winter holds his unrejoicing court ; 
And through his airy hall the loud misrule 
Of driving tempest is forever heard : 
Here the grim tyrant meditates his wrath ; 
Here arms his winds with all-subduing frost ; ' 

900 Moulds his fierce hail, and treasures up his 
snows, 
With which he now oppresses half the globe. 
Thence, winding eastward to the Tartar's 
coast, 
She sweep's the howling margin of the main ; 
Where, undissolving, from the first of time, 

905 Snows swell on snows amazing to the sky ; 
And icy mountains, high on mountains piled, 
Seem to the shivering sailor from afar, 
Shapeless and white, an atmosphere of clouds, 
Projected huge and horrid o'er the surge, 

910 Alps frown on Alps; or, rushing hideous down, 



258 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

(As if old Chaos was again returned,) 
Wide rend the deep, and shake the solid pole, 
Ocean itself no longer can resist 
The binding fury ; but in all its rage 

915 Of tempest, taken by the boundless frost, 
Is many a fathom to the bottom chain'd, 
And bid to roar no more : a bleak expanse, 
Shagg'd o'er with wavy rocks, cheerless and 

void 
Of every life, that from the dreary months 

920 Flies conscious southward. Miserable they ! 
Who, here entangled in the gathering ice, 
Take their last look of the descending sun; 
While, full of death and fierce with tenfold 

frost, 
The long, long night, incumbent o'er their heads, 

925 Falls horrible. Such was the Briton's fate, 
As with first prow (what have not Britons 

dared ?) 
He for the passage sought, attempted since 
So much in vain, and seeming to be shut 
By jealous nature with eternal bars. 

930 In these fell regions in Arzina caught, 
And to the stony deep his idle ship 
Immediate seal'd, he with his hapless crew, 
Each full exerted at his several task, 
Froze into statues ; to the cordage glued 

935 The sailor, and the pilot to the helm. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 259 

Hard by these shores, where scarce his freez- 
ing stream 
Eolls the wild Oby, live the last of men ; 
And, half enliven'd by the distant sun, 
That rears and ripens man as well as plants, 
940 Plere human Nature wears its rudest form. 
Deep from the piercing season sunk in caves, 
Here by dull fires, and with unjoyous cheer, 
They waste the tedious gloom. Immersed in 

furs, 
Doze the gross race. Nor sprightly jest, nor 

song, 
945 Nor tenderness they know ; nor aught of life 
Beyond the kindred bears that stalk without ; 
Till morn at length, her roses drooping all, 
Sheds a long twilight brightening o'er their 

field, 
And calls the quiver'd savage to the chase. 



950 What cannot active government perform, 
New moulding man? Wide stretching from 

these shores, 
A people savage from remotest time, 
A huge neglected empire, one vast mind, 
By Heaven inspired, from Gothic darkness 

call'd. 



260 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

955 Immortal Peter ! first of monarchs ! he 

His stubborn country tamed; her rocks, her 

fens, 
Her floods, her seas, her ill-submitting sons ; 
And while the fierce barbarian he subdued, 
To more exalted soul he raised the man. 

960 Ye shades of ancient heroes, ye who toil'd 
Through long, successive ages to build up 
A laboring plan of state, behold at once 
The wonder done ! behold the matchless prince ! 
Who left his native throne, where reign'd till 
then 

965 A mighty shadow of unreal power ; 

Who greatly spurn'd the slothful pomp of 

courts ; 
And roaming every land, in every port 
His sceptre laid aside, with glorious hand 
Unwearied plying the mechanic tool, 

970 Gather'd the seeds of trade, of useful arts, 
Of civil wisdom, and of martial skill. 
Charged with the stores of Europe, home he 

goes ! 
Then cities rise amid th' illumined waste ; 
O'er joyless deserts smiles the rural reign ; 

975 Far distant flood to flood is social join'd ; 
Th' astonish ? d Euxine hears the Baltic roar ; 
Proud navies ride on seas that never foam'd 
With daring keel before ; and armies stretch 
Each way their dazzling files, repressing here 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 261 

980 The frantic Alexander of the North, 



And awing there stern Ottoman's shrinking sons. 
Sloth flies the land, and ignorance and vice, 
Of old dishonor proud. It glows around, 
Taught by the Eojal Hand that roused the 
whole, 
985 One scene of arts, of arms, of rising trade : 

For what his wisdom plann'd, and power en- 
forced, 
More potent still, his great example show'd. 

FKOST SUCCEEDED BY A THAW. 

Muttering, the winds at eve, with blunted 
point, 
Blow hollow blustering from the south. Sub- 
dued, 
990 The frost resolves into a trickling thaw. 

Spotted ttoe mountains stoine ; loose sleet de- 
scends, 
And floods ttoe country round. Ttoe rivers swell, 
Of bonds impatient. Sudden from ttoe hills, 
O'er rocks and woods, in broad, brown cataracts, 
995 A thousand snow-fed torrents shoot at once ; 
And, where they rush, the wide-resounding 

plain 
Is left one slimy waste. Those sullen seas, 
That wash'd th' ungenial pole, will rest no more 
Beneath the shackles of the mighty north ; 



262 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

1000 But, rousing all their waves, resistless heave. 
And hark ! the lengthening roar continuous 

runs 
Athwart the rifted deep; at once it bursts, 
And piles a thousand mountains to the clouds. 
Ill fares the bark, with trembling wretches 

charged, 
1005 That, toss'd amid the floating fragments, moors 
Beneath the shelter of an icy isle ; 
While night overwhelms the sea, and horror 

looks 
More horrible. Can human force endure 
Tli' assembled mischiefs that besiege them 

round : 
1010 Heart-gnawing hunger, fainting weariness, 

The roar of winds and waves, the crush of ice, 
Now ceasing, now renew'd with louder rage, 
And in dire echoes bellowing round the main ? 
More to embroil the deep, Leviathan, 
1015 And his unwieldy train, in dreadful sport, 

Tempest the loosen'd brine; while through 

the gloom, 
Far from the bleak, inhospitable shore, 
Loading the winds, is heard the hungry howl 
Of famish 'd monsters, there awaiting wrecks. 
1020 Yet Providence, that ever-waking E} r e, 
Looks down with pity on the feeble toil 
Of mortals, lost to hope, and lights them safe, 
Through all this dreary labyrinth of fate. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 263 



THE SEASONS A PICTUKE OF HUMAN LIFE. 

'Tis done ! dread Winter spreads his latest 
glooms, 
1025 And reigns tremendous o'er the conquer'd year. 

How dead the vegetable kingdom lies ! 

How dumb the tuneful! Horror wide extends 

His desolate domain. Behold, fond man ! 

See here thy pictured life : Pass some few years, 
1030 Thy flowering Spring, thy Summer's ardent 
strength, 

Thy sober Autumn fading into age, 

And pale concluding Winter comes at last, 

And shuts the scene. Ah ! whither now are 
fled 

Those dreams of greatness? those unsolid hopes 
1035 Of happiness ? those longings after fame ? 

Those restless cares ? those busy, bustling days ? 

Those gay-spent, festive nights ? those veering 
thoughts, 

Lost between good and ill, that shared thy life ? 

All now are vanished ! Virtue sole survives, 
1040 Immortal, never-failing friend of man, 

His guide to happiness on high. And see ! 

'Tis come, the glorious morn ! the second birth 

Of heaven and earth ! Awakening !N ature hears 

The new-creating word, and starts to life, 
1045 In every heighten'd form, from pain and death 



264 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 

Forever free. The great eternal scheme, 
Involving all, and in a perfect whole 
Uniting, as the prospect wider spreads, 
To reason's eye refined clears up apace. 

1050 Ye vainly wise ! ye blind presumptuous ! now, 
Confounded in the dust, adore that Power 
And Wisdom oft arraign 'd : see now the cause, 
Why unassuming worth in secret lived, 
And died neglected ; why the good man's share 

1055 In life was gall and bitterness of soul ; 

Why the lone widow and her orphans pined 
In starving solitude, while Luxury, 
In palaces, lay straining her low thought, 
To form unreal wants ; why heaven-born Truth, 

1060 And Moderation fair, wore the red marks 

Of Superstition's scourge ; why licensed Pain, 
That cruel spoiler, that embosom J d foe, 
Embitter'd all our bliss Ye good distress' d ! 
Ye noble few ! who here unbending stand 

1065 Beneath life's pressure, yet bear up a while, 
And what your bounded view, which only saw 
A little part deem'd evil, is no more : 
The storms of Wintry Time will quickly pass, 
And one unbounded Spring encircle all. 

THE END. 



{Maj\U. 






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